GENETIKA

BAKTERI
ERI DIAN

GENETIKA BAKTERI
Konsep Hereditas:
Hereditas yang bersifat stabil
Hasil dari pembelahan satu sel bersifat identik
dengan
induknya
Variasi genetik yg mengakibatkan adanya sifat
perbedaan sifat generasi berikut dari sel induknya
akibat peritiwa genetik tertentu misalnya mutasi

GENETIKA BAKTERI
Unit herediter terkecil bakteri disebut genom
bakteri
Genom bakteri lazim disebut gen
Gen bakteri biasanya terdapat dalam molekul DNA
tunggal
Materi genetik ada ada pula yg diluar kromosom
(ekstrakromosomal) disebut plasmid

KROMOSOM BAKTERI
Terdiri dari DNA
Merupakan 2-3% dari berat kering satu
sel
Tampak sebagai benang2 fibriler yg
mengisi sebagian besar volume sel
DNA bila diekstraksi dari sel bakteri
biasanya mempunyai bentuk
sirkuler,pjg 1mm

Dogma genetik
Konsep dasar: menurunnya sifat secara
molekuler adalah merupakan aliran
informasi dari DNA ke RNA ke urutan
asam amino.
Dogma genetik ini bersifat universal
yang berlaku baik bagi prokariot maupun
eukariot.

Transkripsi
Proses pengkopian/penyalinan molekul DNA
menjadi utas RNA yang komplementer.
Melibatkan RNA Polymerase
Tahapan transkripsi:
1. Inisiasi
2. Elongasi
3. Terminasi

Translasi / sintesis protein

-Proses penerjemahan kodon-kodon pada
mRNA menjadi polipeptida.
-Kode genetik merupakan aturan yang
penting
-Urutan nukleotida mRNA dibawa dalam
gugus tiga tiga. Setiap gugus tiga disebut
kodon.
-Dalam translasi, kodon dikenali oleh lengan
antikodon yang terdapat pada tRNA

Ala: Alanine

Cys: Cysteine

Asp: Aspartic acid

Glu: Glutamic acid

Phe: Phenylalanine Gly: Glycine

His: Histidine

Ile: Isoleucine

Lys: Lysine

Leu: Leucine

Met: Methionine

Asn: Asparagine

Pro: Proline

Gln: Glutamine

Arg: Arginine

Ser: Serine

Thr: Threonine

Val: Valine

Trp: Tryptophane

Tyr: Tyrosisne

Genetic variation in
Genetic variation can occur as a result of mutation or gene
bacteria
transfer
A mutation is a change in the base sequence of DNA, as a
consequence of which different amino acids are incorporated
into a protein, resulting in an altered phenotype
Mutations result from three types of molecular change :
1. Base substitution : occurs during DNA replication when one
base is inserted in place of another
2. Frame shift mutation : occurs when one or more base pairs
are added or deleted
3. Insertion/Deletion , The insertion of additional pieces of
DNA (e.g. transposons) or an additional base, or deletion of
base
Mutations can be induced by chemicals, radiation or viruses

Mutation: Base Substitution (Point

Mutations)

G
G
C
C

Glu
(a) Silent mutation

(d) Run-on mutation

Such mutations are said to be silent because they cause no

change in their product and cannot be detected without
sequencing the gene

With a missense mutation, the new

nucleotide alters the codon so as to
produce an altered amino acid in the
protein product.

With a nonsense mutation, the new

nucleotide changes a codon that
specified an amino acid to one of
the STOP codons

Silent mutations are DNA mutations

that do not result in a change to the
amino acid sequence of a protein

Summary of Mutation Types

Run-on mutation
Stop codon lost so
protein is extra long

(can also produce

nonsense and run-ons)

Gene transfer
The transfer of genetic information can occur by:
conjugation
transduction:Transduction is a process of DNA
transfer by means of a bacterial virus a
bacteriophage (phage)
transformation: This is the transfer of exogenous
bacterial DNA from one cell to another.
transposition: This occurs when transposable
elements (transposons) move from one DNA site
to another within the genome of the same
organism (e.g.E. coli)

Look at PLASMID SLIDE

SHOW

Transposition
Transposon can
jump from: the
host genomic
DNA to a
plasmid, one
plasmid to
another,a
plasmid to
Look at transposon
genomic
DNA
slide show

Transposons are pieces of DNA (jumping

genes) that move readily from one site to
another

Recombination
When the DNA is transferred from the donor to
the recipient cell by one of the above
mechanisms, it is integrated into the host genome
by a process called recombination

Plasmids
Plasmids are extrachromosomal, double-stranded,
circular DNA molecules within the
size range 1200 MDa. They are capable of
replicating independently of the bacterial
chromosome (i.e. they are replicons). Plasmids
occur in both Gram-positive and
Gram-negative bacteria, and several different
plasmids can often coexist in one cell

Clinical relevance of
plasmids

A number of medically important functions of bacteria

are attributable to plasmids
(i.e. are plasmid-coded). The plasmid-coded bacterial
attributes include:
antibiotic resistance (carried by R plasmids)
the production of colicins (toxins that are produced
by many species of enterobacteria and are lethal for
other bacteria)
resistance to heavy metals such as mercury (the
active component of some antiseptics) and silver
mediated by a reductase enzyme
pili (fimbriae), which mediate the adherence of
bacteria to epithelial cells
exotoxins, including several enterotoxins.

Transposons
Transposons, also called jumping genes, are
pieces of DNA that move readily from one site to
another, either within or between the DNAs of
bacteria, plasmids and bacteriophages
Transposons can code for metabolic or drug
resistance enzymes and toxins.
They may also cause mutations in the gene into
which they insert, or alter the expression of
nearby genes
In contrast to plasmids or bacterial viruses,
transposons cannot replicate independently of the
recipient DNA

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

IN MICROBIOLOGY
Gene cloning
Gene cloning is the artificial incorporaton of one or more
genes into the genome of a new host cell by various genetic
recombination technique so it can replicate and express itself
Gene probes
Gene probes used in diagnostic microbiology are labelled
(with chemicals or radioactively) pieces of DNA that can be
used to detect specific sequences of DNA of the pathogen (in
the clinical sample) by pairing with the complementary bases
Polymerase chain reaction
The polymerase chain reaction is a widely used technique
that enables multiple copies of a DNA molecule to be
generated by enzymatic amplification of the target DNA
sequence