Prepared by:

Luis Fernando Montoya

Chun-Ju Huang
Ashish K. Solanki
1

Introduction
Applications of AC drives
Types of Methods to control the speed of Induction

machine
V/F control
Power Converters
Simulation Model
Simulation Results
Conclusion
Reference
2

Introduction

An electric drive system consisting of electric motor,

its power controller and energy transmitting shaft
consisting of load
Types of Drive system
(1)DC Drive
(2)AC Drive
AC Drives are mostly used in Industry.
3

Advantages and
disadvantages of AC Drives
compare to DC Drives
Advantages of ac drives

1. For the same rating, ac motors are lighter in weight as

compared to dc motors.
2. AC motors require low maintenance.
3. AC motors are less expensive.
4. AC motors can work in dangerous areas like chemical,
petrochemical etc.
Disadvantage of ac drives
1.Power converters for the control of ac motors are more
complex.
2.Power converter for ac drives are more expensive.
3.Power converters for ac drives generate harmonics in the
supply system and load circuit.
4

Industrial
applications
Induction motors with squirrel cage rotors are the
workhorse of industry because of their low cost and
rugged construction.
When Squirrel cage induction machine is operated
directly from the line voltages(60 Hz/50 Hz essentially
constant voltage) an Induction motor is operated at
constant speed. However in the industry we required to
vary the speed of an Induction motor. This can be
done by Induction motor drives.
Main application of Induction Motor drives:
Fans, Compressor, Pumps, blowers, machine tools like
lathe, drilling machine, lifts, conveyer belts etc.
5

Methods of Speed
Control of Induction
motors
(1) Stator voltage Control
(2) Stator Frequency Control
(3) Stator Current Control
(4) V/F Control
(5) Slip

power recovery Control ( Wound Rotor

Induction Machine)

Curve of the behavior of

the Induction Machine
During start up. Normally
draws up to seven times the
rated current.
Normally delivers
approximately 1.5 the rated
torque, when starting
When operating at base
speed if the load is
increased, the motor will
start slowing down and the
slip will increase.
But if the load is increased
beyond the Break down
torque, the machine wont
be able to recover.

V/Hz Theory
Background
The induction motor

draws the rated current

and delivers the rated
torque at the base
speed.
As mentioned before the
motor can take up to 2.5
load increase, with 20%
drop in the speed.

Description of the
principle
Assume the voltage applied to the Motor is AC, and

the voltage drop across the Armature resistance

very small. Then at the steady state we get:
(Voltage applied at the stator,

and Flux)

Since

the V/f relation keeps constant, then the flux

remains constant and the torque is independent
of the supplied frequency.
9

Description of the Principle

Since the flux is maintained

constant, the toque developed

depends only on the slip
speed.
Huge starting torque can be
obtained without heating-up the
machine

10

V/Hz Open Loop

Torque

Synchronous
frequency

11

V/Hz control Closed loop

12

Three Phase Full Bride Uncontrolled

Rectifier

13

DC-DC Boost
Converter

14

DC-DC Boost Converter

15

3 Phase PWM
Inverter

16

Block Diagram of
Simulation Model

17

Simulation Model

18

Uncontrolled Rectifier and DC-DC

Boost Converter Simulation
Model

19

3 phase inverter with Squirrel

Cage Induction Motor

20

Simulation Results
Input Voltage for 3 phase uncontrolled Rectifier
Voltage input to rectifer
Vin A
Vin B
Vin C

300

200

Input Voltage to rectifer(V)

100

-100

-200

-300

-400
4.14

4.145

4.15

4.155

Time(s)

4.16

4.165

4.17

4.175

21

Simulation Results
Output Voltage of three phase uncontrolled rectifier
Vin A
Vin B
Vin C
Rectifed Output voltage

300

200

Output Voltage of Rectifer(V)

100

-100

-200

-300

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16
Time(s)

0.18

0.2

0.22

0.24

22

Simulation Results
Output Voltage of DC/DC Boost converter
Output Voltage of DC DC Converter

400

Vdc out
350

300

Output Voltage of DC DC Converter(V)

250

200

150

100

50

10
Time(s)

12

14

16

18

20

23

Simulation Results
Output Voltage of 3 Phase PWM inverter before filter
Output Voltage of Inverter before flter

V
o
lta
g
eO
u
tp
u
t in
ve
rte
r(V
))

500

Vout inv A
Vout inv B
Vout inv C

0
-500

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25
Time(s)

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25
Time(s)

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25
Time(s)

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25
Time(s)

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

V
o
lta
g
eO
u
tp
u
t in
ve
rte
rp
h
a
seC
(V
))

V
o
lta
g
eO
u
tp
u
t in
ve
rte
rp
h
a
seB
(V
))

V
o
lta
g
eO
u
tp
u
t in
ve
rte
rp
h
a
seA
(V
))

500
0
-500

500
0
-500

500
0
-500

24

Simulation Results
Output Voltage of Inverter after filter
( Controlled Input voltage given to Induction motor)
Output Voltage of Inverter after flter(input Voltage to Machine)

250

Output Voltage of Inverter after flter(input Voltage to Machine)

Vin m A

200

Vin m B
Vin m C

Vin m A
Vin m B
Vin m C

200
150

150

100

100

50

Voltage Input to M achine(V )

Voltage Input to Machine(V)

50

-50

-50

-100
-100

-150
-150

-200
-200

-250

10
Time(s)

12

14

16

18

20

3.68

3.7

3.72

3.74

3.76

3.78
Time(s)

3.8

3.82

3.84

3.86

3.88

25

Simulation Results
Stator Current
Stator Current
10

Istator A
Istator B
Istator C

S tator Current(A )

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10
3.55

3.6

3.65

3.7

Time(s)

3.75

3.8

3.85

3.9

26

Simulation Results
Rotor Reference speed and Actual Speed
Here the reference speed is 1000 rpm= 104.72 rad/sec
Rotor Speed

120

Reference Speed
Actual Speed

100

Rotor Speed (rad/sec)

80

60

40

20

-20

10
Time(s)

12

14

16

18

20

27

Simulation Results
Without Filter after the PWM inverter , rotor speed is
fluctuating

28

Simulation Results
Rotor Reference speed and Actual Speed
Rotor Speed

100

Reference Speed
Actual Speed

90

80
70
60

Rotor Speed (rad/sec)

Reference speed is 600rpm= 62.83 rad/sec

50
40
30

20
10

0
-10

140

Rot or Speed

Time(s)

10

12

14
Reference Speed
Act ual Speed

120

R o t o r S p e e d (ra d / s e c )

100

80

Reference speed is 1300 rpm=136.14 rad/sec

60

40

20

-20

180

Rotor10
Speed
Time(s)

12

14

16

18

20

Reference Speed
Actual Speed
160

140

Reference speed is 1500rpm= 157.08

rad/sec

R o t o r S p e e d (ra d / s e c )

120

100

80

60

40

20

-20

10
Time(s)

12

14

16

29
18

20

Rotor Reference speed

and Actual Speed
Reference Speed is changed from 104.71 rad/sec to
92.24 rad/sec
Rotor Speed

120

Reference Speed
Actual Speed

100

Rotor Speed (rad/sec)

80

60

40

20

-20

10
Time(s)

12

14

16

18

20

30

Conclusion
In Case of Squirrel cage induction motor

the slip cannot be increase above certain

limit, the operating speed range is very
less. By applying the V/F control we can
get the large operating range by keeping
V/F ratio constant.

31

32

Reference
[1] Modern Power Electronics and AC drives by

Bose, Bimal K.
[2] POWER ELECTRONICS Converters, Applications
and Design by Ned Mohan
[3] Power electronics Lecture Notes by Prof. Nasiri
[4] Lecture Notes by Dr. Omar
[5] AC Induction Motor Control using Constant V/Hz
Principe and Space Vector PWM Technique with
TMS320 C240
[6] Speed Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor Using
PIC18 Microcontrollers
33