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Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants

Distributed?
3% of world are international migrants
(mostly in U.S)
Global Migration Patterns
o Net-out migration Asia, Latin Amer., Africa
o Net-in migration N. America, Europe, Oceania
o 3 largest migration streams/flows:
Asia to Europe
Asia to N. America
Latin America to N. America

o LDCs to MDCs
o 12% of U.S, 25% of Australia, 50% of Middle
East are immigrants

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants


Distributed?
U.S Immigration Patterns
o 3 Migration Eras:
Colonial Immigration from England & Africa
(1600-1840)
o Approx. 2 million Europeans (mostly voluntary) 90%
from Great Britain
o Approx. 650,000 Africans (mostly forced as slaves)
illegal in 1808 but 250,000 came b/t 1808-1861

19th Century European Immigration (18401930)


o 65 mil Europeans (40 mil to U.S., rest to Canada,
Australia, NZ, southern Africa, & S. America)
o Largest # from Germany, Italy, U.K., Ireland, & Russia
o Many from Poland but often counted as German or
Russian

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants


Distributed?
U.S Immigration Patterns
o 3 Migration Eras:
19th Century European Immigration (1840-1930)
o 1st Peak (1840s & 50s) up to 250,000 per year, mostly
from Northern & Western Europe (Ireland & Germany),
economic & political factors (Ex. Potato famine in
Ireland)
o 2nd Peak (1870s -90s) 500,000 per year, had declined
during Civil War, mostly from Northern & Western Europe
(Ireland, Germany, Norway & Sweden), Industrial
Revolution led to Stage 2 of DT (pop. growth, migration
for better opportunities)
o 3rd Peak (1900s-20s) decline in 1890s due to
economic problems, 1 million per year, mostly from
Southern & Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, AustriaHungary), Stage 2 transition

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants


Distributed?
U.S Immigration Patterns
o 3 Migration Eras:
Recent Immigration from LDCs
o Dropped during Great Depression & WWII (1930s & 40s)
o Increasing since 1950s
o From Asia 1 mil. From China & Japan 1900-1950, 7 mil
from Asia 1950-2000 (mostly from China, Hong Kong,
Philippines, India, & Vietnam), many also to Canada
(British Columbia)
o From Latin America 2 mil from 1820-1960, 13 mil from
1960-2005, approx. 400,000 per year in 2000s, mostly
from Mexico, many from Dominican Republic & El
Salvador, Stage 2 of DT & poor economic situations

U.S. has changed over time no longer sparsely


settled, no longer large amounts of unclaimed land
(closing of the frontier), not booming economically

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants


Distributed?
Impact of Immigration on the U.S.
o Legacy of European Migration (basically ended in
1914 at start of WWI)
Demographic Transition
o Stage 2 fueled by Industrial Rev. (tech. & healthcare)
o Promoted efficient agriculture people pushed off family farms
(larger farms & more machinery)
o People sought factory jobs in cities or moved to U.S. for farmland
o Europe now in Stage 3 & 4 no need for U.S. safety valve

Diffusion of Culture
o
o
o
o

Language (English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch)


Religion (Christianity)
Art, music, literature, philosophy, government, ethics
N. & S. America and Australia similar to European culture
(sparsely populated before colonialism)
o Conflict in Africa & Asia due to colonialism (domination,
discrimination, drawing of problematic boundaries, etc.)

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants


Distributed?
Impact of Immigration on the U.S.
o Undocumented Immigration
Desire for immigration > allowed quotas
Estimates from 9.3 to 11.1 million in 2005 (5+ mil from
Mexico, 2+ mil from Latin Amer., 1 mil from Asia, mil
from Europe/Canada, mil other)
adult males, women or children
About 7.2 million employed (5% of workforce) farming,
cleaning, construction, food service
Reasons:
o Enter legally as tourists or students & dont leave
o Slip across border

U.S.-Mexico border is 2,000 miles long (many unpatrolled


sections)
Often purchase forged documents
1.3 million are caught per year and often deported

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants


Distributed?
Impact of Immigration on the U.S.
o Destination of Immigrants in U.S.
in 4 states NY, CA (1/4), TX, FL
Cluster in coastal or border states or in cities with
busy international airports
Mexican immigrants to CA, TX, IL, or border
states
Caribbean to FL (Cubans) or NY (Puerto Ricans)
China & India to NY & CA
Other Asians to CA
Factors:
Proximity
Clustering near similar immigrants (chain migration)
Job availability

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