Chapter 4

Fluid Kinematics

Particle location in terms of its position vector.

A velocity field is given V Vo / l xi yj by where Vo

and l are constants. At what location in the flow field is
the speed equal to Vo? Make a sketch of the velocity field
in the first quadrant.

Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of

temperature of a flowing fluid.

Streamlines are lines

tangent to the velocity field

Consider the two-dimensional steady flow with

r
V Vo / l xi yj . Determine the streamlines

for this flow.

Waterrflowing from the oscillating slit produces a velocity field given

by V u0 sin t y / v0 i v0 j where u0 , v0 and are
constants. Thus, the y component of velocity remains constant ( v =
u0) and x component of velocity y = 0 coincides with the velocity of
the oscillating sprinkler head u u0 sin t at y 0 .
(a) Determine the streamline that passes through the origin at t = 0,
t = /2. (b) Determine the pathline of the particle that was at the
origin at t = 0, t = /2.

Velocity and position of particle A and time t.

4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates

Streamline coordinate system for two-dimensional

flow.

Relationship between the unit vector along the streamline,

S, and the radius of curvature of the streamline, R.

FrenetSerret frame or TNB frame

T is the unit vector tangent to the curve, pointing in the
direction of motion.
N is the derivative of T with respect to the arc length
parameter of the curve, divided by its length.
B is the cross product of T and N.
T, N, and B are tangent, normal, and binormal unit
vectors in terms of each other.

Lecture Module on 09-03-11

4.3

Control Volume and System Representation

4.4

The Reynolds Transport Theorem

4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Theorem

4.4.2 Physical Interpretation
4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative

Control Volume and System Representations

Systems : It is a collection of matter of fixed identity
(always the same atoms or fluid particles), which may
move, flow, and interact with its surroundings.
Example: A mass of air drawn into an air compressor.
Control Volume: It is a volume in space through
which the fluid may flow. When we are most interested
in determining the forces put on a fan, airplane, or
automobile by the air flow past the object rather than
following the fluid as it flows along past the object.
Identify the specific volume in space and analyze the
fluid flow within, through, or around that volume.

Control Volume and System Representations

Surface of the Pipe
Surface of the Fluid

Fixed Control Volume:

Fixed or Moving
Control Volume:

Inflow

Outflow

Deforming Control
Volume:
Outflow

Deforming Volume

Reynolds Transport Theorem

Fluid flow from the fire extinguisher tank. Discuss

the differences between dBsys / dt and dBcv / dt

4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Theorem

This form is for a fixed non-deforming control volume.

A mass flow rate out/into a control volume requires a

normal velocity component. Why?
The
tangential
velocity
component does not bring any
substance across the control
volume surface as it flows
parallel to it, the normal
component of velocity brings
substance in or out of the control
volume according to its sign.

4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Theorem

Typical control volume with more than one inlet

and outlet.

4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Theorem

Outflow across a typical portion of the control surface.

Inflow across a typical portion of the control surface.

4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Theorem

Possible velocity configurations on portions of the

control surface: (a) inflow, (b) no flow across the
surface, (c) outflow.

4.4.4 Steady Effects

Steady flow through a control volume.

4.4.5 Unsteady Effects

Unsteady flow through a constant diameter pipe.

4.4.5 Unsteady Effects

Flow through a variable area pipe.

4.4.6 Moving Control Volumes

Typical moving control volume and system.

Typical moving control volume and system.

Relationship between absolute and relative velocities.

Control volume and system as seen by an

observer moving with the control volume.