US HISTORY HONORS

Chapter 5

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

$52 Million in Debt

No navy
Small army
Little respect in the World

1789- George Washington is unanimously

elected as the president
John Adams is elected as vice president
Very Small executive branch
Washington, as our 1st president, set many
precedents- traditions to be followed

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Judiciary Act of 1789- Established a judiciary

Established the office of attorney general to prosecute

and defend cases on behalf of the United States

John Jay- 1st chief justice of the Supreme Court

Washington created the formation of the cabinet

Heads of different department that advise the

President

Sec. of State: Thomas Jefferson

Sec. of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Sec. of War: Henry Knox
Attorney General: Edmund Randolph
Nominated by the President and approved by the Senate

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Addressing the Nations debt

Hamilton wanted a more commercial and industrial

economy
Saw Debt as an asset
Wanted to sell government bonds
Wanted new excise taxes and high tariffs
Raise money and protect struggling American industry
Charter a bank of the United States
Establish the nations credit
Political support from the wealthy
Enrich investors
Pay debts from the war in full

All of this meant taxes

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

South is against Hamiltons plan

Hamilton used implied powers from the
Constitution

Broad/loose construction

Jefferson and Madison

Strict construction
Limiting federal powers
Argued Constitution did not authorize
Congress to charter a national bank

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

1791- Congress approved full funding of

the federal debt, excise taxes, and the
creation of a national bank

Hamilton promised to move the capital to the

Potomac River
Washington D.C.

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Whiskey tax/ rebellion

1794- farmers resisted the tax by intimidating
and attacking tax collectors
12,000 militia men marched to stop the
rebellion

Most rebels ran away

Only 2 convicted

Federalists blamed the Whiskey Rebellion on

democratic societies
Madison and Jefferson defended them
Alarmed Washington sent so many troops

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Political parties- groups of people who

seek to win elections and hold public
office in order to shape government
Federalists: Hamilton and Adams
Democratic Republicans: Jefferson and
Madison

Aka: Republicans

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Northerners: Merchants/ artisans tend to

favor the federalists
Southerners/farmers: republicans
In the beginning it was mostly Federalists
who hold power, but you see a shift back
to states rights in public opinion

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Domestic and Foreign Affairs:

1793- Britain and France are back at war
British still had forts open in the Northwest
territory

Giving arms to the Native Americans and

encouraging them to fight with settlers

Battle of Fallen Timbers forced Native

Americans to accept peace terms
Treaty of Greenville- Native Americans ceded
most of Ohio to the US Government

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

1789- French Revolution

1793- French Revolution went a little crazy

Americans divided on if they should support the

French Revolution

1793 Britain and France are at war

Most thought the US was too weak to enter into

the war

1793- Proclamation of Nuetrality

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Britain started seizing American ships

trading with the French
1794- Jays treaty: US and Great Britain
British give up their forts on American soil
Kept most of their restrictions on shipping
Americans repay their pre-war debt
Senate ratified but Democratic Republicans
dont like it

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

1795- Pickney's treaty: US and Spain

Free shipping rights on the Mississippi River
Access to New Orleans
Established Northern boundary of Spanish
Florida

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Washington declined to run for a 3rd term

Set an example by walking waay from power
Set precedent

Washington set some political advice in

his farewell address
Political parties
Foreign neutrality
Etc.

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Foreign Policy Affects Domestic Policy

1796- John Adams won election but barely

Jefferson became vice president

Adams lacked tact

Hamilton also weakened Adams administration

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

1796- French began seizing American

merchant ships
Adams sent envoys to negotiate a peace

3 French officials- X, Y, and Z wanted

$250,000 in bribes before negotiating a treaty

XYZ affair- changes sentiment against

France

Congress expanded the army and formed a

small navy

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Alien and Sedition ActsAlien Act- President can arrest and deport noncitizens who criticized the government
Sedition Act- crime for citizens to publically
criticize the federal government

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written by Thomas Jefferson
Declared the Sedition act unconstitutional
States had the power to nullify federal law

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Election of 1800:
Adams had isolated some federalists and
angered Democratic-Republicans
Did not win re-election
Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied
Went to the house to decide

Hamilton swung the election towards Jefferson

1804- constitutional Amendment to

change this process

Also lead to dual between Hamilton and Burr

5-2 Jefferson as President

Democratic-Republicans took power and

called it the Revolution of 1800
Abandoned the alien and sedition acts
Lower taxes
Cut national debt 80 million to 57 million by
1809
Cuts to the army and navy
Cut government departments
Benefitted from growth in trade
Benefited from sale of Western lands

5-2 Jefferson as President

John Marshall shapes the Supreme Court

Marshall became Chief Justice in 1801

Federalist
Last minute appointee of John Adams
35 years
1,000 court decision, writing over half of them
More than any other justice in US History

Claimed the power to declare acts of Congress and the

President as unconstitutional
Judicial Review

Insisted federal laws to be superior to state laws

Broadly interpreted the Constitution
sanctity of contracts- limited the power of the state
government

5-2 Jefferson as President

1803- Marbury v. Madison- established

Judicial Review

Marshall ruled in favor of Madison

Declared judiciary act of 1789 unconstitutional
Huge power grab for the Supreme Court

***The only time Marshall ruled a federal law

unconstitutional ***
Did overrule many state laws
Sided with the federal government and business
most of the time
Broad interpretation of the constitution

5-2 Jefferson as President

Jefferson wanted everyone to own a farm

Agrarian republic
Needed land to make this happen

1801 Napoleon gained the Louisiana

territory from Spain
Jefferson wanted to try to buy New Orleans
from the French
Slaves had revolted in Haiti and beaten the
French army by the time we went to negotiate

Napoleon was ready to sell and offered the entire

Louisiana territory

5-2 Jefferson as President

Louisiana Purchase of 1803

Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains

$15 Million
Doubled the size of the United States

Contradiction to Jeffersons principles of

government
Also probably not constitutional

1804- Lewis and Clark sent out to explore the

new territory

5-2 Jefferson as President

Foreign Difficulties Challenge Jefferson

Barbary states of North Africa were seizing

American ships and sailors in the
Mediterranean sea
Washington and Adams paid protection money to

the Barbary states

Ruler of Tripoli increased his rates
1801- Jefferson sent a small navy to blockade
Tripoli
Favorable peace in 1805 concluding the Barbary
war

5-2 Jefferson as President

Americans were re-exporting goods to

France

$59 million in trade by 1807

British warships began to stop and

confiscate American merchant ships
trading with the French
British also impressed American sailors
into the British navy

5-2 Jefferson as President

1812- 6,000 American sailors had been

impressed into the British navy
1807- British attack the Chesapeake in order to
take sailors- Americans outraged
1807- Jefferson got Congress to issue an
Embargo- suspension of trade- on Britain by
making ships stay at port
Thought it would drastically hurt Britain
Bankrupted American Merchants
Jefferson lifted the Embargo right before he left office

James Madison won the election of 1808