Metallurgy

Strengthening mechanism
in steel
Substitutional Solid Solution
Interstitial solid solution
Grain boundary
Stain ageing
Heat treatment or
martensitic
Cold working

Metallurgy
Strengthening
Mechanism
1) Grain Boundary
2) Hall Petch equation
0 = 1 + K (D) -1/2
Where 0 = yield stress
, 1 = the frictional
stress, k = locking a
parameter, hardening
contribution of the
grain boundary
Grain size - ASTM E 112

Metallurgy

Tensile Test ;
Strength and
ductility
Impact Toughness
Hardness : Strength
Microstructure :
Condition
assessment Grain

Metallurgy
Plain carbon steel : C, Mn, Si, S & P
Alloy steel : C, Mn, Si, S, P, Cr, Mo. Ni, etc
Stainless steel : C, Mn, Si, S, P, 12Cr (more), Mo.
Ni, etc
Ferritic stainless steel : C, Mn, Si, S, P, 12Cr
(more)
Austenitic stainless stee : C, Mn, Si, S, P, 12Cr
(more) & 8 (more ) Ni, Mo
Martensitic stainless steel : >C (0.20%), 12Cr
(more)

Metallurgy
Non Heat Treatable steel : < 0.30%
C Plain carbon steel, Austenitic
stainless steel (304, 316 , 321, 310,
201 etc
Heat Treatable steel : > 0.30%C Plain
carbon steel , Alloy steel, tool steel,
martensitic stain less steel

Metallurgy

Tensile Test ; Strength and ductility

Impact
Toughness
Hardness Strength
Microstructure Condition assessment
Grain size, Volume
fraction,

Metallurgy
Tensile Test Yield stress or Proof
stress or
Yield at offset
Ultimate Tensile Strength
% Elongation
% Reduction of area

Metallurgy
Plain carbon steel < 0.30% C Definite yield point phenomenon
> 0.30% Plain carbon steel, alloy
steel in hardened and tempered
condition no definite yield point
phenomenon 0.20% proof stress or
Yield under 0.20% offset
Cold worked steel : no definite yield
point phenomenon : 0.50% extension
under load

Metallurgy
Impact test : Charpy V or U impact
test
To measure toughness of material
Depends on : Yield Strength,
Temperature
Notch Sensitivity
Standard specimen
Sub size specimen

Metallurgy
Strengthening mechanism in steel
Substitutional Solid Solution
strengthening
Interstitial solid solution
Grain boundary
Stain ageing
Heat treatment or martensitic
strenghening
Cold working

Metallurgy

Parameter to control yield stress

Material composition
Grain size
Temperature of test
Speed of test
Accuracy of measurement

Metallurgy
Yield point ; Direct reading from dial indicator
showing yield point elongation. Halt of force
method ; Upper yield point or lower yield point.
Upper yield point ; very sharp or steep ; difficult
to measure
Lower yield point : uniform or definite
Yield point by 0.20% offset higher than the LYP
Proof stress or Yield point by 0.20% offset ; must
be stress Vs Strain diagram
No measurement shall be made by Load
displacement diagram

Metallurgy
Speed of testing for Yield stress : Rate of
straining ; 1.15 to11.5MPa/s ; normal
hydraulic or screw driven machine
Rate of straining : servo control machine :
straining shall be plus/minus 0.015
mm/mm/min
Cross head speed : plus/minus
0.015mm/mm/min
For Ultimate tensile strength : 0.05 to
0.5mm/mm

Metallurgy
Gauge length 50mm or 200mm or 4d or
5d
Extensometer B1 ( up to 0.50% or B2 ( Up
to 1%)
Specimen : plate type ; 5mm or above
Sheet type ; up to 25mm
Round type : 19 or above
Bend specimen Thickness x 19mm width
Bend specimen machine 13mm to 25mm

Metallurgy

Factor affecting tensile test

Homogenity of material
Specimen location
Stiffness of machine
Accuracy of measurement system
Speed of testing
Aliment of test machine with grip or machine
Extensometer
Gauge length dimension

Metallurgy
Impact test : ASTM E 23/ IS 1757
Difference of ASTM E 23 :
Direct and indirect verification with specified range
Direct verification for IS 1757
ASTM E23 specimen ; precise dimension with close
tolerance
IS 1757 ; Similar dimension with adequate tolerance
ASTM / IS : Anvil ; similar dimension
ASTM /IS : Striking velocity : 5 to 5.5m/s for IS &
ASTM 3 to 6m/s

Metallurgy
Impact ASTM E23/IS 1757
Striker: 4mm width with 8mm radius & included angle 30
degree -ASTM E23
IS 1757 : 2mm radius & included angle 30degree
Foundation : Specified ASTM, IS not clear
Transverse and radial play ; specified n ASTM , IS Not
specified
Specimen clearance ; specified / IS not specified
Specimen centering : ASTM E23 specified
Specimen holder : specified
Notch centering with striker specified Centre of strike ;
specified in ASTM E23

Metallurgy
Factor controls Impact property
Temperature : Ductile Brittle Transition
Temperature : DBTT
Location of specimen
Specimen dimension
Notch dimension
Placing of sample to anvil
Delay or elapsed time
Fracture location
Type of fracture ; ductile or brittle