Republic of Iraq

Minister of higher Education

Scientific Research
AL-Nahrain University
Collage of science
Physics Department

The Rules and Regulation for the use

of X-Ray in Medical tests
By
Shatha Mahmood Mohmmed

Supervised by
Ass.Professor Dr.kareem k .Mohammod
2015-2016
1472-1473

History of X-Rays
As with many of mankind's
monumental discoveries,
xray technology was invented
completely by accident. In 1895,
a German physicist named
Wilhelm Roentgen made the
discovery while experimenting
with electron beams in a gas
discharge tube. Roentgen
noticed that a fluorescent
screen in his lab started to glow Wilhem Roentgen, The
discoverer of X-Rays
when the electron beam was
. turned on

Roentgen's remarkable discovery

was one of the most important
medical advancements in human
history. X-ray technology lets
doctors see straight through
human tissue to examine broken
bones, cavities and swallowed
.objects with extraordinary ease
Modified x-ray procedures can
be used to examine softer tissue,
such as the lungs, blood vessels or
the intestines. You will find out
more on about this when you study
radioisotopes

Above: X-Ray of Blood

Vessel
Below: X-Ray of Lungs

?What are x-rays

No mass- 1
No charge- 2
X-rays are electromagnetic energy-3
traveling as waves
ray exposure has been linked to-4
cancer and developmental
problems, and can cause burns
The risks from x-ray exposure are-5
greatest for foetuses, so pregnant
women should take extra
precautions
Hospital x-ray machines produce-6
relatively high x-ray exposures and
they present a hazard unless
adequate safeguards are in place
These devices should only be-7
operated by trained personnel

X-rays: a form of
electromagnetic energy
Travel at the speed of light
Electromagnetic spectrum
X-rays Gamma Rays
Infrared light Visible light
Radar Microwaves
Radio waves

Represent of radiation
High or low wave lengthHigh or low frequencyHigh or low energy-

Gamma Rays are a type of

ray emitted by radioactive
materials. They are
extremely hazardous to
living things, but when used
correctly they can kill
cancer cells. Wavelength
1x10-12m
Frequency
1x1021Hz

X- Rays : Used a lot in

medicine to help doctors
see broken bones, x-rays
can pass through tissue
but not bone.
Wavelength 1 x 10-9m
Frequency 1 x 1018 Hz

This is the light Humans

can see, it makes up the
colours of the rainbow,
Red, Orange, Yellow,
Green, Blue, Indigo,
Violet.
Wavelength 1x 10-6 m
Frequency 1 x 1014
Hertz

Ultra Violet.. This is

responsible for people
getting a tan or
sunburn!!
Wavelength 1 x 107
m Frequency 1 x
1016Hz

Microwaves,
commonly used in
cooking and mobile
phones, Frequency
1 x 109 Hz
Wavelength 1m

Infra red, we cant

see it , but we feel
its effectsits called
HEAT.
Wavelength 1x 105m,
Frequency
1 x 1011Hz

How are X-Rays

?Produced
X-Rays are produced in a special type of tube
called An X ray
!!Tube
It consists of an evacuated glass tube with
two electrodes and a high
voltage between the
electrodes, The cathode is
heated and electrons are
emitted and the negative
charge and is accelerated
towards the positive
electrode (target)

Electrons are first emitted from a heated filament, by a process called

. thermionic emission
They are then accelerated across the evacuated X-ray tube, under the
action of a large voltage across the tube, the filament forming the
negative cathode and the target being positive anode. On striking the
target, the electrons lose most (about 99%) of their energy in lowenergy collisions with target atoms, resulting in a substantial heating of
.the target
The rest of the electron energy (usually less than 1%) reappears as Xray radiation

A rapidly-rotating anode is generally used. It forms the (tungsten) target

surface on to which the electron beam is focused. The target area under
bombardment is constantly changing, thus reducing local heat
concentration. (You can often hear the whirring of the anode motor during
.the taking of an X-ray
Copper, being an excellent heat conductor, is used to hold the anode in
.place
Oil, which circulates in the outer housing,, helps with convective cooling
.(as well as providing electrical insulation)

X-ray Emission How

Just like electron induced

x-ray emission, only
more efficient
Less damaging to the sample but more sensitive
Less charging than electronsLess lateral deflection (protonsare not multiply (scattered
like e

Shell at produce of X-ray

The mechanism ofx-ray Fast beam
electron has enough
energy to excite all
atoms in periodic
table Ionization of
electron from the K-,
L-, or M-shell

spectrum of X-ray

-:

X-ray are commonly produced by

bombarding a target with
electrons
The target emits a spectrum with
:two components
Characteristic radiationContinuous radiation (alsocalled white radiation,
Bremsstrahlung (braking
radiation)
The Duane-Hunt limit explains the
cut off of the continuous
radiation

eV0

hc
h max
min

where V0 is the electron accelerating

(voltage

?How X-rays Passing Through Tissue

Depends on the- 1
energy of the x-ray
and the atomic
number of the tissue
Higher energy x-ray- 2
- more likely to pass
through
Higher atomic- 3
number - more likely
to absorb the x-ray

Radiation
Use of radiation sources in industrial radiography
Safety
is heavily regulated
by state and federal
organizations due to potential public and
personal risks

Radiation Safety
There are three means of
protection to help reduce
:exposure to radiation

:-Application of X-ray

Melt of Metal

Agriculture
check the baggage of
passengers

Cured to
Tooths

How doctors safety

?itself
Gloves

Gags

vest

special

glasses

Device testPersonDoctorsScreenImage-

Warning signal of x- ray

:-Radioactivity sign

The Rule and Regulation

for X-ray