Universe

By sanchit kabra

What is universe ?
All existing matter and space considered as a

whole; the cosmos. The universe is believed

to be at least 10 billion light years in diameter
and contains a vast number of galaxies; it has
been expanding since its creation about 13
billion years ago.

But the question arises how the

universe formed?
The universe is predicted to be formed 13.7

billion years agobut how?

There have been many theories describing

the birth of universe and time but the most

approved is the Big Bang theory which states
that universe was pooled in a mass which was
smaller than an atom and the energy was all
around it. And, after a period of time it
exploded. After a period of 40,000 million
years later the first stars formed and clustered
to form galaxies

Proof of big
bang

We believe in
big bang
theory by the
research
done by
hubble space
telescope
showing that
galaxies are
moving apart
from each
other as if
they were
clustered
many time

The universe is estimated to have one

hundred billion galaxies containing hundred

billion starswhich range from 1,976,640,000
km (VY Canis Majoris) to 200,000 km
(proxima centuri)

What universe consists of??

The Universe is thought to consist of three types of substance:

normal matter, dark matter and dark energy.

Normal matter consists of the atoms that make up stars, planets,
human beings and every other visible object in the Universe.
In the currently popular model of the Universe, 73% is thought to
be dark energy, 23% dark matter and 5% normal matter. But
ESAs X-ray observatory, XMM-Newton, has returned new data
about this content. XMM-Newton has found puzzling differences
between todays clusters of galaxies and those in the Universe
around seven thousand million years ago.
Some scientists interpret this to mean that the dark energy
which most astronomers now believe dominates the Universe
simply does not exist.

What are galaxies???

A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants,

interstellar gas and dust, and dark matter. The word galaxy is derived from
the Greek galaxias literally "milky", a reference to the Milky Way. Examples of
galaxies range from dwarfs with just a few thousand stars to giants with one
hundred trillion stars, each orbiting their galaxy's own center of mass.
Galaxies can be categorized according to their visual morphology, including
elliptical, spiral, and irregular. Many galaxies are believed to have black holes
at their active center. The Milky Way's central black hole, known as Sagittarius
A, has a mass four million times that of our Sun. As of May 2015, EGS-zs8 was
the most distant known galaxy. The galaxy was determined to be 13.1 billion
light-years away and to have 15% of the mass of the Milky Way. There are
approximately 170billion (1.7 1011) galaxies in the observable universe.
Most galaxies are 1,000 to 100,000 parsecs in diameter and usually separated
by distances on the order of millions of parsecs (or megaparsecs). The space
between galaxies is filled with a tenuous gas with an average density less
than one atom per cubic meter. The majority of galaxies are gravitationally
organized into associations known as galaxy groups, clusters, and
superclusters.

Some of the known

galaxies are..
Andromeda
It gets its name from the area of the sky in

which it appears, the constellation of

Andromeda
It is the closest big galaxy to the Milky Way.

Black eye galaxy

It has a spectacular dark band of absorbing

dust in front of the galaxy's bright nucleus,

giving rise to its nicknames of the "Black Eye"
or "Evil Eye" galaxy.

Cartwheel galaxy
Its visual apperearence is like a spooked

cartwheel

Comet galaxy
This galaxy is named comet galaxy because

of its unusual appearance after a period of

time

Solar systems
Galaxies have vast number of stars and hence

immense number of solar systems. By solar

we mean of sun. these solar system contain
many planets, moons, comets and asteroids

Our solar system

Our solar system consists of eight planets, a

sun, moons, dwarf planets and asteroids as

well as comets who appear like a blue moon.

Our sun
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System

and is by far the most important source of energy for

life on Earth. It is a nearly perfect spherical ball of hot
plasma, with internal convective motion that
generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process and
it has a mass about 330,000 times that of Earth,
accounting for about 99.86% of the total mass of the
Solar System. Chemically, about three quarters of the
Sun's mass consists of hydrogen, whereas the rest is
mostly helium, and much smaller quantities of heavier
elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon and iron. It
takes about 8 minutes 20 seconds to reach Earth

Comparison of sun and the biggest

star antares

planets

A planet (meaning "wandering star") is an astronomical

object orbiting a star or stellar remnant that

1. is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity,
2. is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and
3. has cleared its neighboring region.
.The term planet is ancient, with ties to history, science,
mythology, and religion. Several planets in the Solar System
can be seen with the naked eye. As scientific knowledge
advanced, human perception of the planets changed,
incorporating a number of disparate objects. In 2006, the
International Astronomical Union (IAU) officially adopted a
resolution defining planets within the Solar System. This
definition is controversial because it excludes many objects
of planetary mass based on where or what they orbit.

mercury
Mercury is the smallest and closest to the Sun of the

eight planets in the Solar System, with an orbital period of

about 88 Earth days. Seen from Earth, it appears to move
around its orbit in about 116 days, which is much faster
than any other planet in the Solar System. It has no known
natural satellites. The planet is named after the Roman
deity Mercury, the messenger to the gods.
Because it has almost no atmosphere to retain heat,
Mercury's surface experiences the greatest temperature
variation of the planets in the Solar System, ranging from
100K (173C; 280F) at night to 700K (427C;
800F)
during the day at some equatorial regions.

Venus
Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7

Earth days. It has no natural satellite. It is named after the Roman

goddess of love and beauty. After the Moon, it is the brightest
natural object in the night sky, reaching an apparent magnitude of
4.6, bright enough to cast shadows. Because Venus is an inferior
planet from Earth, it never appears to venture far from the Sun: its
elongation reaches a maximum of 47.8.
Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth's "sister
planet" because of their similar size, mass, proximity to the Sun
and bulk composition. It is radically different from Earth in other
respects. It has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial
planets, consisting of more than 96% carbon dioxide. The
atmospheric pressure at the planet's surface is 92 times that of
Earth's. With a mean surface temperature of 735K (462C;
863F), Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System

earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar

System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and
the only astronomical object known to accommodate life. The earliest
life on Earth arose at least 3.5 billion years ago. [Earth's biodiversity has
expanded continually except when interrupted by mass extinctions.
Although scholars estimate that over 99 percent of all species that ever
lived on the planet are extinct, Earth is currently home to 1014 million
species of life, including over 7.3 billion humans. According to evidence
from radiometric dating and other sources, Earth was formed around
four and a half billion years ago. Within its first billion years, life
appeared in its oceans and began to affect its atmosphere and surface,
promoting the proliferation of aerobic as well as anaerobic organisms
and causing the formation of the atmosphere's ozone layer. This layer
and the geomagnetic field blocked the most life-threatening parts of
the Sun's radiation, so life was able to flourish on land as well as in
water. Since then, the combination of Earth's distance from the Sun, its
physical properties and its geological history have allowed life to thrive
and evolve.

mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second smallest

planet in the Solar System, after Mercury. Named after the Roman
god of war, it is often referred to as the "Red Planet" because the
iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance.
Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, having surface
features reminiscent both of the impact craters of the Moon and
the volcanoes, valleys, deserts, and polar ice caps of Earth. The
rotational period and seasonal cycles of Mars are likewise similar
to those of Earth, as is the tilt that produces the seasons. Mars is
the site of Olympus Mons, the largest volcano and second-highest
known mountain in the Solar System, and of Valles Marineris, one
of the largest canyons in the Solar System. The smooth Borealis
basin in the northern hemisphere covers 40% of the planet and
may be a giant impact feature. Mars has two moons, Phobos and
Deimos, which are small and irregularly shaped.

Asteroid belt
he asteroid belt is the region of the Solar System

located roughly between the orbits of the planets Mars

and Jupiter. It is occupied by numerous irregularly
shaped bodies called asteroids or minor planets. The
asteroid belt is also termed the main asteroid belt or
main belt to distinguish it from other asteroid
populations in the Solar System such as near-Earth
asteroids and Trojan asteroids. About half the mass of
the belt is contained in the four largest asteroids, the
three intact protoplanets Ceres, Vesta, and Pallas, and
Hygiea. Vesta, Pallas, and Hygiea have mean diameters
of more than 400km, whereas Ceres, the
asteroid belt's only dwarf planet

Jupiter
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest

planet in the Solar System. It is a giant planet with a

mass one-thousandth of that of the Sun, but is two
and a half times that of all the other planets in the
Solar System combined. Jupiter is a gas giant, along
with Saturn (Uranus and Neptune are ice giants).
Jupiter was known to astronomers of ancient times.
The Romans named it after their god Jupiter. When
viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent
magnitude of 2.94, bright enough to cast shadows,
and making it on average the third-brightest object in
the night sky after the Moon and Venus.

Saturn
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and

the second largest in the Solar System, after

Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius
about nine times that of Earth. Although only
one-eighth the average density of Earth, with
its larger volume Saturn is just over 95 times
more massive. Saturn is named after the
Roman god of agriculture, its astronomical
symbol () represents the god's sickle.

Uranus
Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. It has the third-

largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the

Solar System. Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and
both have different bulk chemical composition from that of the
larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. Therefore, astronomers
increasingly place them in a separate category called "ice giants".
Uranus's atmosphere, although similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's in
its primary composition of hydrogen and helium, contains more
"ices", such as water, ammonia, and methane, along with traces
of other hydrocarbons. It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in
the Solar System, with a minimum temperature of 49K
(224.2C), and has a complex, layered cloud structure, with
water thought to make up the lowest clouds, and methane the
uppermost layer of clouds. The interior of Uranus is mainly
composed of ices and rock.

Neptune
Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the

Sun in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest

planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass.
Among the gaseous planets in the Solar System,
Neptune is the most dense. Neptune is 17 times the
mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its
near-twin Uranus, which is 15 times the mass of
Earth, and not as dense as Neptune. Neptune orbits
the Sun at an average distance of 30.1 astronomical
units (4.50109km). Named after the Roman god of
the sea, its astronomical symbol is , a stylized
version of the god Neptune's trident.

Pluto
Pluto is the second-most massive known dwarf planet,

after Eris. It is the largest object in the Kuiper belt and

possibly the largest known trans-Neptunian object. It is
the tenth-most-massive known body directly orbiting the
Sun. Like other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto is primarily made
of rock and ice, and is relatively small, about 16 the mass
of the Moon and 13 its volume. It has an eccentric and
highly inclined orbit that takes it from 30 to 49AU (4.47.4
billionkm) from the Sun. Hence Pluto periodically comes
closer to the Sun than Neptune, but an orbital resonance
with Neptune prevents the bodies from colliding. In 2014 it
was 32.6 AU from the Sun. Light from the Sun takes about
5.5 hours to reach Pluto at its average distance (39.4AU).

What are aliens?

Grey aliens, also referred to as "Alien Greys",

"Greys", "Grays", "Roswell Greys", and "Zeta

Reticulans", are alleged extraterrestrial beings
whose existence is promoted in ufological,
paranormal, and New Age communities, and
who are named for their skin color.

Different types of
aliens.