THEME 8.

IDEAL GAS

GASES
CHARACTERISTICS OF GASES
GAS PRESSURE, SI unit
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
THE GAS LAWS
BOYLES LAW
CHARLES and GAY-LUSSAC LAW
AVOGADROS LAW
THE IDEAL GAS LAW
STOICHIOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS WITH GA
PARTIAL PRESSURE AND DALTONS LAW
THE BEHAVIOUR OF REAL GASES

The matter exist as gases, liquids, or solids made up of enormous numbers of

atoms or molecules.

INTRODUCT

Gases
We live surrounded by a blanket of air. The mixture of gases that
make up the earths atmosphere.

We live at the bottom of an ocean of

INTRODUCT

Gases
The
state
of
matter
distinguished from the solid and
liquid states by relatively great
expansion and contraction with
changes
in
pressure
and
temperature,
the
ability
to
diffuse
readily,
and
the
spontaneous
tendency
to
become
distributed
uniformly
throughout any container.

Elements and compounds that are gases at room

temperature

Substances that are liquids or solids under ordinary

conditions can also exist in the gaseous state, where they
arees
often
referred tobajo
as para
Vapors.
* El punto de ebullicin del HCN es 26C, pero
lo suficientemente
considerarlo como gas en condiciones
atmosfricas ordinarias.

INTRODUCT

Gases
Elements that exist as gases at 25C and 1
atm.

Gases are few in number, however, their study was

enormously important in the historical development of
chemical theories.

Gas
Shape of
Container
Volume
of
INTRODUCT

haracteristics of Gases
Gas mixture are always homogeneous
Individual gas molecules have little
interaction with their neighbors and the
chemical entities of those neighbors are
therefore irrelevant.
Gases
are
compressible
and
expandable
Less than 0.1% of the volume of a typical
gas is taken up by themselves under
normal circumstances;
the remaining
99.9% is empty space. By contrast,
approximately 70% of a CHARACTERISTICS
solids or liquids

haracteristics of Gases
Gases exert a measurable pressure on the walls of
their container.

CHARACTERISTICS

as Pressure. SI units
GAS PRESSURE
Pressure (P) is defined as a Force (F) exerted per unit
area (A)
Force is defined as mass (m) times acceleration (a)
on Earth, is usually the acceleration due to gravity, a=9.81
m/s2

GAS

as Pressure. SI units

Pascal
(Pa)
11

Newton
(N)1 N

1Pa is the pressure exerted by a mass of 10.2 mg resting on an area

of 1.00 cm2.

GAS

Pressure. Atmospheric Pressure

Pascal (Pa)

11

The Pa is an incovenient size for most chemical

measurements.
Alternative pressure units are more
frequently used:
Millimeter of mercury (mmHg) and
Atmosphere (atm)
101 325 Pa = 760 mmHg = 1 atm = 1.01
bar

Atmospheric pressure =
101Column
325 Pa of air = 10
339=kg
air
? ATMOSPHERIC

Pressure. Atmospheric Pressure

How atmospheric pressure are
measure?
A mercury barometer is used to measure
atmospheric pressure by determining the
height of a mercury column supported in a
sealed glass tube.
Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level
is defined to be exactly 760 mmHg
(Hg)

acceleration (a)
due to gravity

ATMOSPHERIC

Gas Pressure
How gas pressure are
measure?

Manomet
ers
Open-end
manometers
Mercury
The pressure in the bulb
is lower than
atmospheric.

The pressure in the bulb

is higher than
atmospheric.
GAS

Gas Temperature
The Kelvin (K) is the temperature units in the
International Sistem (SI). The temperature 0 K is
commonly referred to as "absolute zero." On the
widely used Celsius temperature scale, water
freezes at 0 C and boils at about 100 C. One
Celsius degree is an interval of 1 K, and zero
degrees Celsius if 273.15 K. An interval of one
Celsius degree corresponds to an interval of 1.8
Fahrenheit degrees on the Fahrenheit temperature

scale

C 273.15

F 273.15) +32
GAS

The Gas Law

Unlike solids and liquids, different gases show remarkably similar physical
behavior regardless of their chemical makeup.
Different in their chemical
properties
Helium
Fluorin
Identical in much of their physical
e
behavior
The physical properties of any gas can be defined
by four variables:
Pressure (P)
Temperature (T)
GAS LAWS
Specific relationships among these
Volume (V)
variables
Number of moles (n)
A gas whose behavior follows the laws
exactly is called

IDEAL GAS
GAS

GAS

Boyles Law

BOYLES

Boyles Law
k1: proportionality
constant
k = nRT
1

The volume of an ideal gas varies

inversely with pressure. That is, P
times V is constant when n and T
are kept constant.

Boyles experiment to study the relationship between

pressure and volume

BOYLES

Boyles Law
Mathematical Representation
1
1

Hyperbola
Straight line

BOYLES

Ejemplo:
Una cantidad de gas ocupa un volumen de 80 cm3 a una presin de 750 mm
Hg. Qu volumen ocupar a una presin de 1,2 atm si la temperatura no
cambia?
Rta/ Como la temperatura y la masa permanecen constantes en el proceso,
podemos aplicar la ley de Boyle: P1V1 = P2V2
Tenemos que decidir qu unidad de presin vamos a utilizar. Por ejemplo
atmsferas.
Como 1 atm = 760 mm Hg, sustituyendo en la ecuacin de Boyle:
Rta/ 66.6 cm3

EJEMPLO

Charles Law

CHARLES AND GAY-

Charles Law

Low T
Mercury

High T

k2: proportionality
constantk = nR/P
2

The volume of an ideal gas varies

directly with temperature. That is,
V divided by T is constant when n
and P are kept constant.

Ga
s

Experiment to study the relationship between temperature and

volume

CHARLES AND GAY-

Charles Law

Mathematical Representation

Straight line

Because matter cant have a

negative
volume,
this
extrapolation suggest that
must be the lowest possible
temperature, absolute zero on
the Kelvin
scale. AND GAYCHARLES

Gay-Lussac Law

k3: proportionality
constant

k3= nR/V
CHARLES AND GAY-

Ejemplo:
El volumen inicial de una cierta cantidad de gas es de 200 cm3 a la
temperatura de 20C. Calcula el volumen a 90C si la presin permanece
constante?
Rta/ Como la presin y la masa permanecen constantes en el proceso,
podemos aplicar la ley de Charles y Gay-Lussac: V1/T1=V2/T2
El volumen lo podemos expresar en cm3 y, el que calculemos, vendr
expresado igualmente en cm3, pero la temperatura tiene que expresarse
en Kelvin.
Rta/ 247.8 cm3

EJEMPLO

Ejemplo:
Una cierta cantidad de gas se encuentra a la presin de 790 mm Hg cuando
la temperatura es de 25C. Calcula la presin que alcanzar si la temperatura
sube hasta los 200C.
Rta/ Como el volumen y la masa permanecen constantes en el proceso,
podemos aplicar la ley de Gay-Lussac: P1/T1=P2/T2
La presin la podemos expresar en mm Hg y, la que calculemos, vendr
expresada igualmente en mm Hg, pero la temperatura tiene que expresarse
en Kelvin.
Rta/ 1253.93 mm Hg

EJEMPLO

Avogadros Law
The relationship
between:

Temperature
(T)

Volume
(V)
Number of moles
(n)
Pressure
(P)

Specific relationships
among these variables

GAS LAWS

According to Avogadros law, the

volume of an ideal gas at a fixed
pressure and temperature depends
on its molar amount.
AVOGADROS

Avogadros Law
The volume of an ideal gas varies directly with its molar amount. That is, V
divided by n is constant when T and P are kept constant.

k4: proportionality
constant
at constant T and P
Equal volumes of different gases at the same temperature and pressure contain
the same molar amounts.
AVOGADROS

Avogadros Law
Experiments show that 1 mol of an ideal gas occupies a standard molar volume of
22.414 L at
0 C and 1.0 atm pressure.

Standard conditions of T and

P and 1 mol
AVOGADROS

Avogadros Law

3 molecules
3 moles
3 volumes

1
2 molecules
molecule
2 moles
1 mol
2 volumes
1 volume
The proportion of hidrogen molecular (H2) volume respect to the nitrogen
molecular (N2) volume is 3:1, and the proportion of ammonia (NH3) volume
respect to hidrogen molecular (H2) and the nitrogen molecular (N2) is 2:4

AVOGADROS

Ejemplo:
Disponemos de un recipiente de volumen variable. Inicialmente presenta un
volumen de 500 cm3 y contiene 34 g de amonaco. Si manteniendo constante
la P y la T, se introducen 68 g de amonaco, qu volumen presentar
finalmente el recipiente?
M (N)=14. M (H)=1.
Rta/ Manteniendo constante la P y la T, el volumen es directamente
proporcional al nmero de moles del gas. podemos aplicar la ley de Avogadro:
V1/n1=V2/n2
El mol de amonaco, NH3, son 17 g luego (peso molar)
Inicialmente hay en el recipiente 34 g de gas que sern 2 moles y al final hay
102 g de amonaco que sern 6 moles.
Rta/ 1500 cm3
EJEMPLO

The Ideal Gas Law

All three of the GAS LAWS discussed previously can be
combined into a single statement called the IDEAL GAS
LAW, which describes how the volume (V) of a gas is
affected by changes in pressure (P), temperature
(T), and amount (n).

When the values of any three of the variables P, V, T, and n are known, the
value of the fourth can be calculated using the ideal GAS LAW.
THE IDEAL

The Ideal Gas Law

The ideal gas law can be rearranged in different ways to take the form of Boyles
law, Charles law, or Avogadros law:

THE IDEAL

The Ideal Gas Law

Calculating R.
The value of the gas constant R can be calculated from a knowledge of the
standard conditions. Since 1 mol of a gas occupies a volume of 22.414 L at 0C
(273.15 K) and 1 atm pressure

THE IDEAL

Ejemplo:
El hexafluoruro de azufre (SF6) es un gas incoloro e inodoro muy poco
reactivo. Calcule la presin (en atm) ejercida por 1.82 moles del gas en un
recipiente de acero de 5.43 L de volumen a 69.5C.

EJEMPLO

ichiometric Relationship With Gases

Most gas calculations are just applications of the ideal gas law in which three of
the variables P, V, T, and n are known, and the fourth variable must be
calculated.
Example:
The reaction used in the deployment of automobile air
bags is the high-temperature decomposition of sodium
azide (NaN3), to produce N2 gas. How many liters of N2
gas at 1.15 atm and 30C are produced by
decomposition of 145 g of NaN3?

STOICHIOMET

ichiometric Relationship With Gases

Rta/ P and T are reported, and n can be calculate
(steps 1 and 2)
1:

DATOS
P = 1.15 atm
T = 30C
m = 145 g of
NaN3
V=?

2:

Rta/ Apply the ideal Gas Law to find V

3:
STOICHIOMET

nsity () and Molar Mass (M) of an Ideal Ga

Other applications of the IDEAL GAS LAW make it possible to calculate such
properties as density and molar mass.
Rearranging the ideal gas equation we can calculate the density of a gas.
Densities are calculated by weighing a
known volume of a gas at a known
temperature and pressure. Using the ideal
gas law to find the volume at STP and then
dividing the measured mass by the volume
gives the density at STP.

Experimental
ly

STOICHIOMET

nsity () and Molar Mass (M) of an Ideal Ga

Molar masses, and therefore molecular masses, can also be calculated
using the IDEAL GAS LAW.
Imagine, for instance, that an unknown gas bubbling up in a swamp is
collected, placed in a sample bulb, and found to have a density of 0.714 g/L at
STP.
What is the molecular mass of the gas?
Rta/ M=g/mol, therefore n can be calculated applying the ideal Gas Law
1.
Rta/ using the mass found with the density molar mass can be calculated
2.

Rta/ The molar mass of the unknown

gas (actually methane,CH4) is 16.0
g/mol, and the molecular mass is 16.0
STOICHIOMET

nsity () and Molar Mass (M) of an Ideal Ga

Rearranging the ideal gas equation we can calculate the molar mass of a
gas:

As an alternative method for calculating the molar mass of the unknown swamp
gas, you might recognize that 1 mol of an ideal gas has a volume of 22.4 L at
STP. Since 1 L of the unknown gas has a mass of 0.714 g, 22.4 L of the gas (1
mol) has a mass of 16.0 g

Note there are three different ways to find molar mass, all will depend
which data do you have.

STOICHIOMET

Ejemplo:
Calcule la densidad del dixido de carbono (CO2) en gramos por litro (g/L) a
0.990 atm y 55C.
Rta/

Rta/ Por otro lado, podemos encontrar la solucin mediante la ecuacin de la

densidad:
Suponiendo que tenemos 1 mol de CO2, la masa seria de 44.01 g. El
volumen del gas se puede obtener a partir de la ecuacin del gas ideal:

EJEMPLO

rtial Pressure and Daltons Law

Just as the gas laws apply to all pure gases, regardless of chemical identity,
they also apply to mixtures of gases, such as air.

The pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of a gas mixture are all related
by the
IDEAL GAS LAW.
PARTIAL PRESSURE AND

rtial Pressure and Daltons Law

The Total Pressure (PT) exerted by a mixture of gases in a container at constant
V and T equals the sum of the pressures of each individual gas in the
container.

PARTIAL PRESSURE AND

rtial Pressure and Daltons Law

and T are constant

Mixture
of
gases

Gas
A
PA

Gas
B
PB

A+B
PT=PA+
andPB PB are the

DALTONS LAW
The total pressure
depends only on the
total molar amount
of gas present and
not on the chemical
identities
of
the
individual gases

PA
partial pressure to the
gases
A
and
B,
respectively.
PARTIAL PRESSURE AND

rtial Pressure and Daltons Law

Relation between Partial Pressure and Total Pressure: Mole fraction
The MOLE FRACTION is defined as the number of
moles of the component divided by the total number of
moles in the mixture.
The PARTIAL
PRESSURE
exerted by each
component in a gas mixture is equal to the mole
fraction of that component times the total pressure.

Pi=XiP

If only two species are present...

PARTIAL PRESSURE AND

Ejemplo:
Una mezcla de gases contiene 4.46 moles de nen (Ne), 0.74 moles de argn
(Ar) y 2.15 moles de xenn (Xe). Calcule las presiones parciales de los gases
si la presin total es de 2.00 atm a una cierta temperatura.
Rta/

Asegrese de que la suma de las presiones parciales sea igual a la presin total dada, es decir
(1.21 + 0.20 + 0.586) atm = 2.00 atm.
EJEMPLO

he Behavior of Real Gases

The behavior of a real gas is often

a bit different from that of an
ideal gas.
Intermolecular
Forces
Molecular Volumes

REAL

he Behavior of Real Gases

1st. Problem: Intermolecular
Forces
Ideal Gas: Absence of attractive forces between
particles

At lower pressures, this assumption is a good one because the gas particles are
so far apart.
At higher pressures, however, the particles are much closer together and the
attractive forces between them become more important.
REAL

he Behavior of Real Gases

2nd. Problem: Molecular Volumes

(a)

Ideal Gas: Absence of gas particle

volume

(b)

The volume taken up by the gas particles themselves is less important at lower
pressure (a) than at higher pressure (b). As a result, the volume of a real gas
at high pressure is somewhat larger than the ideal value
REAL

he Behavior of Real Gases

The solution to these problems is the modification of the Ideal Gal Law called
the Van Der Waals Equation, which uses two correction factors, a and b.

Volume is corrected by substracting:

corrected by adding:

Pressure is

REAL

REAL