Introduction to

First Aid

What is First Aid?

Is immediate help provided
to a
sick or injured person until
professional medical help
arrives
or becomes available.

Objectives of First Aid- It aims to

accomplish the following goals:
1. Preserve life.
2. Prevent further harm and
complications.
3. Seek immediate medical help.
4. Provide reassurance.

I. Information to be remembered in
activating medical help:
What happened?
Location of emergency?
Number of person injured in all?
Cause and extent of injury and
nature of illness and first aid given?
Telephone number from where call is
made?
Name of person who called medical
help?

EMERGENGY ACTION
PRINCIPLES
Scene Size-Up

I. Scene Safety
II. Knowing What Happened
Cause of injured
Nature of illness
III. Role of bystanders
IV. Numbers of casualties
V. Asking permission or consent

To obtain consent, do the

following
1.Identify yourself to the
victim.
2.State your level of training.
3.Ask the victim whether you
may help.
4.Explain what you observe.
5.Explain what you plan to do.

 According to the article 12 No.4 of

Act No.3815 of the Philippine Revised
Penal Code Book One..
any person who, while performing a
lawful act with due care, causes an
injure by mere accident without fault
or intention of causing it is exempt
from criminal liability.

Primary Assessment
II. Assessing Responsiveness
A patients response level can be
summarized in the AVPU:
a. A-Alert
b. V-Responsive to Voice
c. P-Responsive to Pain
d. U-Unresponsive/Unconscious

III. Airway
An open airway allows air to enter
lungs for the person to breathe. If the
airway is block, the person cannot
breathe.

IV. Breathing
While maintaining an open airway,
quickly check an unconscious person
for breathing by doing the LLF
technique for no more 10 seconds.

V. Circulation
Bleeding-Quickly look for severe bleeding by looking
over the persons body from head to toe for signals
such as blood-soaked clothing or blood spurting out of
a wound.
Shock-If left untreated, shock can lead to death.
Always look for the signal of shock whenever you are
giving care.
Skin color, temperature and moistureAssessment of skin temperature, color, and condition
can tell you more about the patients circulatory
system.

COMMON TRANSMITTABLE
DISEASES
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Herpes
Meningitis
Tuberculosis
Hepatitis
Human Immune Deficiency
Virus(HIV)/Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

DiseaseTransmission
Infectious diseases are those that
can spread from one person to
another through the following:
1.Direct contact.
2.Indirect contact.
3.Airborne transmission.
4.Bites.

SPRAIN: First aid

 Your ligaments are tough,

elastic-like bands that connect
bone to bone and hold your
joints in place.

 SPRAIN is an injury to a ligament

caused by tearing of the fibers of the
ligament. The ligament can have a
partial tear, or it can be completely
torn apart.
Of all sprains, ankle and knee sprains
occur most often. Sprained ligaments
swell rapidly and are painful.
Generally, the greater the pain and
swelling, the more severe the injury.
For most minor sprains, you probably
can treat the injury yourself.

How Does a Sprain Occur?

Sprains usually happen when a
person falls, twists, or hit in a way that
forces the body out of its normal position.
Sprain happen when a person twists or
pulls a muscle or a tendon. Athletes in
contact sports, football, hockey, and
boxing, are at particularly high risks for
strains.
In the workplace, people at particular risks
for sprains are those who engage in
frequent heavy lifting, which can include
everyone from construction workers and

 Sprains are graded on a scale of I

to III
Grade I- is stretching of the
ligament or a very mild tear.
Grade II- is more serious but still
incomplete tear.
Grade III- is a complete torn or
ruptured ligament. This is not a
broken bone but, can feel like
one since it is often impossible to
put weight on the joint or use the

 Follow the
instructions for
R.I.C.E.

1. REST the injured limb. Your doctor may

recommend not putting any weight on
the injured area for 48 hours.
2. ICE the area. Use cold pack. A slush bath
or a compression sleeve filled with cold
water to help limit swelling after an
injure.
3. COMPRESS the area with an elastic wrap
or bandage.
4. ELEVATE the injured limb above your
heart whenever possible to help prevent
or limit swelling.

 After two days, gently begin using

the injured area. You should feel a
gradual, progressive improvement.
Over-the-counter pain relievers, such
as
A. ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin)
B. Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

Get emergency medical

assistance if:
1. Youre unable to bear on the injured
leg,
the joint feels
unstable or numb.
2. You develop redness or red streaks
that spread out from the injured
area.
3. You have re-injured an area that has
been injured a number off times in
the past.

RABIES

 RABIES is a disease
caused by a virus that
affects the nervous
system and unless
treated quickly and
appropriately

RABIES SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS

FOR HUMANS.

odd behavior
Delirium
Combativeness
Loss of muscles function
hallucinations
Muscles spasms
Drooling
Convulsions
Swallowing difficulties
Pain, and other problems

 A person exposed to rabies should ideally to

treated within 12 hours of the exposure and
definitely within 48 hours for the best outcome.
People expose to rabies are usually treated
with rabies immune globulin and rabies vaccine
initially and then get and additional vaccine
injection on days three, seven, 14, and
occasionally 28 after the first treatment.
Patient who develop the symptoms of rabies,
due to no treatment or incomplete treatment,
in almost every instance, will die from the
disease.

Can rabies be prevented?

YES, These are ways to prevent
rabies. The best way to prevent
animals from getting rabies and
completing the rabies life cycle is by
large-scale vaccination programs.
Pre-exposure get vaccinated at age
9-16 weeks.
Adult dogs can get a yearly
vaccination.

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

High Blood Pressure is a serious
condition that can lead to coronary
heart disease, heart failure, stroke,
kidney failure and other problem. It
is also called hypertension.
Blood pressure is the force of blood
pushing against the walls of the
arteries as the heart pumps blood.

 Blood pressure doesnt stay

the same all the time.
It lowers as you sleep
It rises when you wake up,
excited, nervous and active.

HOW BLOOD PRESSURE

TESTED?
A. Dont drink coffee or smoke for 30
minutes prior to the test.
B. Go to the bathroom before the
test. Having a full bladder can
change your blood pressure.
C. set for 5 minutes before the test.

 How is High Blood Pressure

Diagnose?
By using a blood pressure
test. This test will be done
several time to make sure the
result are correct.

Categories for blood pressure level

in adult
Normal
Prelypertension
High Blood
Stage 1
Stage 2

Systolic less than 120

120-139
x
140-159
160 or higher

Diastolic/ Bottom 80
80-89
x
90-99
100 or higher

10 ways to control High

Blood Pressure Without
medication

1. Lose extra pounds and watch your

waistline
2. Exercise regularly
3. Eat a healthy diet
4. Reduce sodium in your diet
5. Limit the amount of alcohol you
drink
6. Avoid tobacco product and second
hand smoke

8. Reduce your stress.

9. Monitor your blood pressure.
10. Get support from your family and
friends.