Computer Organization

The von Neumann Architecture

Presented by :- Ravi Anand
Akash Kumar

INTRODUCTION

Von Neumann architecture (Princeton

architecture) is Given in 1945 by
mathematician John von Neumann.
1945: John von Neumann.
wrote a report on the stored program
concept, known as the First Draft of a
Report on EDVAC.
The basic structure proposed in the draft John von Neumann
(1903-1958)
became
known as the von Neumann
machine or von Neumann model.
Basic Structure Proposed was
Memory :- Containing instruction and data.
Processing unit :- Performing arithmetic and Logical
operations.
Control Unit :- Interpreting instruction.

Stored Program Computer History

1943: ENIAC
Presper Eckert and John Mauchly -- first General
Electronic computer.
Hard-wired program -- settings of dials and switches.
1944: Beginnings of EDVAC
among other improvements, includes program stored in
memory
1945: John von Neumann
wrote a report on the stored program concept, known as
the First Draft of a Report on EDVAC

The von Neumann Model

M EM ORY
M AR

M DR

IN P U T

O U TP U T

K e yb o a rd
M ouse
Scanner
D is k

M o n ito r
P rin te r
LED
D is k

P R O C E S S IN G U N IT
ALU

TEM P

C O N T R O L U N IT
PC

IR

Memory
2k by m array of bits
Address of unique k bits
Contents of m bits value stored in
locations.
Basic operations:
Load (read value from location)
Store (write value to location)

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
1101
1110
1111

00101101

10100010

Memory (Contd..)
MAR: Memory Address Register
MDR: Memory Data Register
(Also Known as MBR i.e.
Memory Buffer Register)
To LOAD a value from a location (A):
1. Write the address (A) into the MAR.
2. Send a read signal to the memory.
3. Read the data from MDR.
To STORE a value (X) to a location (A):
1. Write the data (X) to the MDR.
2. Write the address (A) into the MAR.
3. Send a write signal to the memory.

Processing Unit
ALU: Arithmetic and Logic Unit
The ALU compute the arithmetic logic
needed to run programs (adding and
subtracting to registers etc.)
Registers:
1. Small set of temporary storage cells.
2. Store operands and results of processing units.

Control Unit
C O N T R O L U N IT
PC

IR

PC: Program Counter, contains address of the next instruction

IR: Instruction Register, contains the currently executing
instruction
Function : Read an instruction from memory
Decode the instruction, signaling other components to
perform actions
Controls the flow of data through the processor

Instruction Processing
Fetch instruction from memory
Decode instruction
Evaluate address
Fetch operands from memory
Execute operation
Store result

Instruction
Instructions are the basic components of a machine
language program
Instructions are encoded as binary instruction codes.
Each instruction code contains of a operation code,
or opcode, which designates the overall purpose of the
instruction (e.g. add, subtract, move, input, etc.).
In addition to the opcode, many instructions also contain
one or more operands, which indicate where in registers
or memory the data required for the operation is located.
Instruction format
15

Opcode

12 11

6 5

Operand

Operand

Instruction Processing Steps

1. The Processor sends Program Counter (PC) to the MAR
and sends a READ command on the control bus
2. In response to the read command (with address equal to
PC), the memory returns the data stored at the memory
location indicated by PC on the databus
3. Data is copied from the databus into MDR
4. Data is copied from the MDR to the Instruction Register
(IR)
5. The PC is incremented so that it points to the following
instruction in memory. This step prepares the Processor
for the next cycle.

Conclusion
von Neumann architecture are flexibile
instructions and data can occupy the same "bucket" of
memory

Reference
quora.com
wikipedia.org