CH 22: The Cardiovascular

System:
Vessels & Circulation
Keyconcepts:

Describe the histological similarities and

differences of the blood vessels

Explain the pattern and names of the major arteries

and veins of the pulmonary & systemic circulations

Describe the circulatory changes that occur at

birth, and the ones occurring with exercise.

1 aorta & 1 pulmonary trunk

~ 2.5 cm

10 bio capillaries (~ length 5,000 miles)

?

Histology
of
Blood
Vessels
1.

Tunica interna or intima (endothelium + c.t.)

2.

Tunica media (muscle + c.t.)

3.

Tunica externa or adventitia (thick layer of c.t.)

Distinguishing Arteries from Veins:

Artery walls thicker (more muscle and elastic

fibers)

Additional: internal & external elastic

membranes
Fig 22.1

Artefacts when fixing slides:

Arterial walls contract; endothelium cannot

contract: pleated appearance
Veins collapse

Compare to Fig 22.1

elastic arteries
large vein
muscular arteries
medium-sized
vein
venules

arterioles
capillaries

Arteries ALWAYS carry blood away from heart

Veins ALWAYS return blood to heart,

contain about 2/3 body's blood at any given time

Largest, conducting arteries lead

directly from heart, subject to high
pressures

Superior & inferior

vena cava and their
tributaries

Pulmonary trunk & aorta

and their major branches

 2 - 9 mm
External and internal
jugular, brachial &
femoral veins

~ 4 mm
External and internal
carotids, brachial &
femoral arteries

 ~ 10-50 m
~ 30 m

Capillaries

endothelium
Variably
permeable

~ 8 m

Characterized by circular fenestrae or

pores that penetrate the endothelium
-permit exchange of larger molecules.
somewhat
permeable

Most body regions

Intestinal mucosa Choroid plexus,

endocrine glands, kidneys

Sinusoids

Resemble fenestrated capillaries, yet

1.

irregular shapes

2.

have longer pores

3.

thinner (or no) basement membranes

Blood movement very slow

Found in the liver, heart, etc. sometimes

called sinusoidal capillary.

Capillary Bed
= Capillary region supplying a body area

Metarteriole shunt - preferred channel through a

capillary bed

Precapillary sphincter - closes bed temporarily

to redistribute blood flow

Arteriovenous anastomosis:

interconnections , alternative routes of supply

Fig 22.4

Normal: From capillary bed into

veins and back to heart
3 exceptions
Hypophysis
_________________
Fig 19.6

Liver
Fig 22.26
_________________

In kidney nephrons

Uneven Distribution of Blood

Total blood volume: ?
65 -70% in veins (= blood reservoir)

lumen is larger than in corresponding arteries

30-35% in heart, arteries and

capillaries

Table 22.7

Why are valves found in

veins but not in
arteries?

Do all veins have

Venous
valve
pathology ?

Blood Vessel Pathologies

1.

2.

Aneurysms
Atherosclerosis
= type of
Arteriosclerosis)
thickening and
toughening of
arterial walls
Pathogenesis covered in
Physiology

Gross Anatomy
of
Circulatory System
Pulmonary &
Systemic Circulations

Pulmonary Circuit

Right ventricle into

pulmonary trunk to
pulmonary arteries
to lungs
Return by way of 4
pulmonary veins to
left atrium

Fig 22.9

Systemic Circuit
Aortic Arch

Brachiocephalic
1
trunk

Left common
2
carotid
3

Left subclavian

Circle of Willis = Cerebral Arterial Circle

= Ring of vessels
surrounding pituitary
gland - supplies cerebrum
and cerebellum

ic

Brain can receive blood

from carotids or vertebrals
(significance?)
Fig 22.13

Circle of Willis

Descending aorta
thoracic aorta
abdominal aorta

Abdominal aorta
Common iliac
External iliac
Femoral

Descending Aorta
Thoracic
Area
Bronchial arteries - supply
bronchi and lungs

Pericardial arteries - supply

pericardium
Mediastinal arteries - supply
mediatinal structures
Esophageal arteries - supply
esophagus
Paired intercostal arteriesthoracic wall
Superior phrenic arteries supply diaphragm

Fig 22.17

Descending Aorta
Celiac
trunc - 3 branches Area
to liver,
Abdominal
gallbladder, esophagus, stomach,
duodenum, pancreas, and spleen

Superior mesenteric to pancreas

and duodenum, small intestine and
colon
Paired suprarenal - to adrenal glands
Paired renal to kidneys
Paired gonadal to testes or ovaries
Inferior mesenteric to terminal
colon and rectum
Paired lumbar to body wall
Fig 22.17

Circulation
Changes at Birth
No blood coming from placenta
Ductus venosus becomes
ligamentum venosus
(=ligamentum teres)
Foramen ovale closes & becomes
fossa ovale
Ductus arteriosus closes and
becomes ligamentum arteriosum
Umbilical vein and arteries degenerate

Patent foramen ovale

For more congenital circulatory
problems see p. 606