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ECE590 Electronics &

Microprocessors
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal,
UiTM Shah Alam

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (PO)


PO1

Ability to acquire and


engineering fundamentals.

apply

knowledge

of

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)


CO1 To develop knowledge in the operation simple
electronic circuits : diode and BJT
CO2 To learn and develop knowledge in logic devices and
circuits
CO3 To learn microprocessor system, programming and
simple interface techniques.

CHAPTER 1: CIRCUIT THEORY

Circuit Concepts :
Voltage,

V & Current, I,
Resistance, R; Inductance, L; & Capacitance, C

Circuit Laws :
Ohms

Law,
Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL),
Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL),
Circuit Elements in Series & Parallel,
Thevenins Theorem

What is voltage and current?

Voltage is the measure of specific potential


energy (potential energy per unit charge)
between two locations.
When a voltage source is connected to a circuit,
the voltage will cause a uniform flow of electrons
through that circuit called a current.

Analogy:
Concept of Voltage & Current

Ohms Law

Ohms Law simply states that current in a


resistive circuit is directly proportional to its
applied voltage and inversely proportional to
its resistance.

Example Ohms Law

Cont..

As with all circuit elements, we need to know how the


current through and voltage across the device are related
Materials with a linear relationship satisfy Ohms law: v
= mi
The slope, m, is equal to the resistance of the element
Ohms Law: v = iR

Voltage Symbols

Series Resistor
I

R1

R2

+ VR1 -

+ VR2 -

Vs

+
VRN
-

RN

- VR3 +
R3

Total Resistance: RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + .. + RN
The supplied power = Total power dissipated by resistors
PT = PR1 + PR2 + PR3 + .. + PRN

VS
I
RT

Parallel Resistor
IT
I1
Vs

R1

I2
R2

I3
RN

1
1
1
1

.......
RT R1 R2
RN
The total current is equal to the total sum of the branch current,
IT = I1 + I2 + .. + IN

Exercise:

0.2941mA
9.66V
4k
6.76V
1.324mA

Kirchoffs Laws

The foundation of circuit analysis is

The defining equations for circuit elements (e.g. Ohms law)


Kirchoffs current law (KCL)
Kirchoffs voltage law (KVL)

The defining equations tell us how the voltage and current


within a circuit element are related
Kirchoffs laws tell us how the voltages and currents in
different branches are related

Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL)

Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL): the algebraic sum


of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is
zero
The sum of currents entering a node is equal to the
sum of the currents leaving a node

Kirchoffs Current Law for Boundaries

Example KCL

Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL): the algebraic sum of


voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero
Voltage drop at each element must be same with the
voltage supply.

v4 + v1 + v2 + v3 = 0

Example KVL

Consider the circuit shown in the figure


above, with the following Parameters:
V1 = 15V
V2 = 7V
R1 = 20
R2 = 5
R3 = 10
Find current through R3 using
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law.

Solution:

From Loop 1 we get:


V1 VR3 VR1 = 0
From Loop 2 we get:
V2 VR3 VR2 = 0

Continue..

It is clear that: from (3)


..... (1)

and
V2 + (I1 I2) * R3 I2 * R2 = 0

Substitute the Above Result into (2)

... (2)
By equating above (1) and (2) we can
eliminate I2 and hence get the following:
... (3)

The Negative sign for IR3 only tells us that


Current IR3 flows in the same direction to I2
direction.

Voltage Divider Rule

The voltage divider is useful in


determining the voltage drop across a
resistor within a series circuit.

Example
Analyze a simple series circuit, determining
the voltage drops across individual
resistors

Current Divider Rule

Current Divider Rule is useful in


determining the current flow through one
branch of parallel circuit.
IT
I1

Vs

+
V1
-

R1

I2
+
V2
-

I1

R2
T
R 1 R2

I2

R1
T
R 1 R2

SHORT CIRCUIT

An element with zero resistance (R = 0) is


called a short circuit
Often just drawn as a wire (line)

OPEN CIRCUIT

Current can only exist when there is a


conductive path (e.g. a length of a wire).
In the circuit shown in the figure above, I = 0,
since there is no conductor between points a
and b. We refer to this as an open circuit,
with infinite resistance (R = )

Thevenins Theorem

Thevenin's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any


linear circuit, no matter how complex, to an equivalent circuit
with just a single voltage source and series resistance
connected to a load

Example

Given the following circuit, determine the


equivalent Thevenins Circuit between points
A & B. Calculate the:
Equivalent

Thevenins Voltage, VTH

Equivalent

Thevenins Resistance, RTH

Example

Step 0: The original circuit

Step 1: Calculating the equivalent output


voltage

Continue..

Step 2: Calculating the equivalent


resistance

Step 3: The equivalent circuit

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