Microprocessors

COMPUTER SYSTEM

Central Processing Unit

Central Processing Unit

Central Processing Unit

CPU Operation

Microprocessor Basics

The microprocessor, or just

processor, is an integrated
circuit designed to process
instructions. It is the most
important component of a
computer and usually the most
expensive.
It contains as many as 50
million miniaturized electronic
components and is only 30
nanometers thick.

CPUs Two Main Parts

Arithmetic Logic Unit

(ALU)

Performs arithmetic & logical

operations
Registers hold data that is
being processed
Accumulator where the
result of the operation is
being placed

 Control Unit

Fetches each
instruction
Loads data into the
ALUs registers
Tells the ALU when it
is time to begin
processing through an
Instruction Pointer

How ALU Works

From RAM to the Registers

data

Control Unit signals, ALU performs

ADD

Result is sent to RAM.

Result

Instructions
A computer accomplishes a complex task by

performing series of very simple steps referred

to as: Instructions
Two Parts:

Operation Code command word for an operation

Operands data address for an operation

Example

JMP operation code which means go

to a different instruction
M1 operand which is the RAM
Address of the instruction to which the
computer is supposed to go.
Instruction Set List of instruction that
the CPU is able to execute.

Instruction Cycle

Step 1

Step 2: Fetches Instruction then

Interpret..

Step 3: Executes Instruction

Step 4: Increment Instruction

Pointer

Step 5: Fetches the Next

Instruction then Interpret.

Step 6: Executes the Instruction

Step 7: Increment the Instruction

Pointer

Step 8: Fetches the 3rd Instruction

then interprets

Step 9: Executes the instruction

The Registers
The Registers are very fast storage locations inside the processor itself.
There are many registers including :

memory address register (MAR)

holds the address of a location in
memory

memory data register (MDR) holds

data just read from or written to memory

program counter (PC) holds the

address of the next instruction to be
fetched

Instruction register (IR) holds the

current instruction being executed

general purpose registers can be

used by programmers

Access to Instructions

The hard disk is too slow to provide instructions to the CPU.

So programs are first loaded into main memory, which is much faster.
The CPU can then access the instructions more quickly.

Inside the CPU

Other
registers

Address bus

Memory
Address
Register

Data bus
Memory
Data
Register

Arithmetic
and Logic
Unit (ALU)

Main
Memory
Control Bus (Read / Write)

Control Unit

Clock pulses
Electronic
clock

Microprocessor Performance

Microprocessor clock is a timing device that sets

the pace for executing instructions. Megahertz
(MHz) means the clock executes millions of
instructions per second and

Word Size is the number of bits the CPU can

manipulate at one time (32 or 64 bits)

Cache is high speed memory that allows a

microprocessor to access data more rapidly than
from memory located elsewhere on the
motherboard. (Level 1-built in, Level 2-separate)

Cache Memory

But as CPU speeds became faster, the main

memory couldnt provide the CPU with the
instructions at a fast enough rate.

So even faster memory ( cache memory) is

now placed between the CPU and main
memory to provide the instructions at an
quicker rate to the CPU.

Cache Memory

When an instruction or data is accessed from main

memory, it is placed in the cache. Second and
subsequent use of the same instruction/data will then be
faster, since it is accessed directly from the cache.

Primary and Secondary

Cache Memory

Most modern CPUs now have a cache

memory (L1), on the same silicon wafer as
the CPU, to provide the CPU with
instructions at the same clock speed as the
CPU.

An additional off-the-chip secondary cache

(L2) may also interact with the CPU at a
slower speed.

L1 and L2 Cache Memory

Program Instructions

Programs instructions are stored in secondary

storage (hard disks, CD-ROM, DVD).

To process data, the CPU requires a working area

Uses Main Memory

Also called: RAM (random access memory),

primary storage, and internal memory.

Before a program is run, instructions must first be copied

from the slow secondary storage into fast main memory

Provides the CPU with fast access to instructions to

execute.

INSTRUCTION SET

Types of Microprocessors:
4004 1st

CPU in 1971 by Intel

Intel s 1st Generation: x86 Architecture
16-bit -- 8086, 80286
32-bit -- 80386, 80486, Pentium (80586),
Pentium MMX, Pentium II, Pentium III,
Pentium 4
AMD & Cyrix still based on x86
Motorola Macintosh PCs

8088 Specifications

Designed by Intel Corp. of Sta. Clara CA. USA.

Operates at 4.77 MHz Clock
8-bit external data bus
16-bit internal data bus
Brain of XT Computer
Rectangular chip w/ 40 pins
8086,sister chip w/ 16-bit internal/external data bus

AMD Athlon XP 2200 +

Lesson 3 The CPU

37

Intel Pentium 4 2.533 Ghz Socket 478

Lesson 3 The CPU

38

CPU Architecture
Name

Date

Transis
tors

Mic
rons

Clock
speed

Data
width

8080

1974

6,000

2 MHz

8 bits

8088

1979

29,000

5 MHz

16 bits
8-bit
bus

80286

1982

134,000

1.5

6 MHz

16 bits

80386

1985

275,000

1.5

16 MHz

32 bits

in

80486

1989 1,200,000

25 MHz

32 bits

Pentium

1993 3,100,000

0.8

60 MHz

32-64
bit bus

0.35

233
MHz

32 bits
64-bit
bus

0.25

450
MHz

32 bits
64-bit
bus

Pentium II 1997 7,500,000

Pentium III 1999 9,500,000

42,000,00
Pentium 4 2000
0
Pentium 4
125,000,0
2004
"Prescott"
00

0.18

32 bits
1.5 GHz 64-bit
bus

0.09

32 bits
3.6 GHz 64-bit
bus

Intel Processors

AMD Processors

Computer Systems
Not All Processors Are Created Equal
Newer machines use specialized processor chips that
have been developed to speed up the processing of
data.

CISC Complex instruction set computer

Large instruction set, many formats

RISC Reduced instruction set computer

Small instruction set, single or small variations in

format

MPP Massive parallel processing

Many CPUs working in parallel

Processing Types

Serial processing is when the processor must

complete all of the steps in the instruction cycle
before it begins to execute the next instruction.
Pipelining allows the processor to execute an
instruction before it completes the previous one
Parallel processing is done by computers with
more than one processor
Benchmarks are a series of laboratory tests
conducted to gauge the overall speed of a
microprocessor.

Pipelining Process

Parallel Processing

Todays Microprocessors
Intel is the worlds largest chip maker.

Intel introduced first microprocessor in 1971

Current products include Pentium , Itanium,
and Itanium II.
Celerons are not as powerful as the Pentiums
but they are cheaper

AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) is its chief

rival

Athlon, Opteron and and Duron replace Intel

chips and are cheaper

 Dual-core refers to a CPU that

includes two complete execution

cores per physical processor. It
combines two processors and
their caches and cache
controllers onto a single
integrated circuit (silicon chip). It
is basically two processors, in
most cases, residing reside
side-by-side on the same die.

Intel Multi-Core Processor

AMD Multi-Core Processor

QUAD CORE

SOCKET AND SLOT STYLES

Zero Insertion Force Socket

Single Edge Contact (SEC)

SLOT A -

TASK
year 2005

onwards-20 CPU models

include the FF.: BRAND, MODEL,
ARCHITECTURE,SOCKET SUPPORTED,
CLOCK SPEED, PICTURE

ASSIGN:
List of Sockets & their CPU supported
DEADLINE:Feb 6 & 7, 2012