GROUP

MEMBERS
Simran Choudhary
(38)
Soma Gore (40)
Shivani Kshatriya
(36)
Surbhi Shukla (30)
Priyanka Pande

1. RESISTOR
S
2.CAPACITOR
S
3.INDUCTOR
S

RESISTORS
Resistor

is a passive two terminal

electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element.
Resistors act to reduce current flow, and,
at the same
time, act to lower voltage levels within
circuits.
In electronic circuits resistors are used to
limit current flow, to adjust signal levels,
bias active elements, terminate
transmission lines among other uses.

 High-power

resistors that can dissipate

many watts of electrical power as heat
may be used as part of motor controls, in
power distribution systems, or as test
loads for generators.
Resistors may have fixed resistances that
only change a little with temperature,
time or operating voltage.
Variable resistors can be used to
adjust circuit elements (such as a
volume control or a lamp dimmer),
or as sensing devices for heat, light,
humidity, force, or chemical activity.

RESISTOR

Therefore,
or
Where,

R l/a
R = l/a
R=resistance in
l=length in m
a =cross section area in m
= resistivity in -m

TYPES OF
RESISTORS
1. Carbon Composition Resistors
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Carbon Film Resistors

Metal Film Resistors
Thick Film Resistors
Thin Film Resistors
Wirewound Resistors
Surface Mount Resistors

TYPES OF RESISTOR
1.

Carbon Composition Resistors :

Carbon composition resistors used to be the most
common type of resistors used in electronics due to their
relative low cost and their great reliability.
Carbon composition resistors use a solid block of
material made from carbon powder, an insulating
ceramic, and a

binder material.

2. Carbon Film Resistors :

Carbon film resistors use a thin layer of carbon on top of

an insulating rod which is cut to form a narrow, long
resistive path.
By controlling the length of the path and its width, the
resistance can be precisely controlled with tolerances

Metal Film

One of the
Resistors
: more common axial resistor types used today
3.

are metal film resistors.

They are very similar in construction to carbon film
resistors, with the main difference being the use of a
metal alloy as the resistive material rather than carbon.

4.

Thick Film Resistors :

They are made in a screen printing process using a

conductive ceramic and glass mixture composite
suspended in a liquid.
Once the resistor has been screen printed, it is
baked at high temperatures to remove the liquid
and fuse the ceramic and glass composite.

Thin Film Resistors :

Borrowing from semiconductor processes, thin film

resistors are made by through a vacuum deposition
process called sputtering where a thin layer of conductive
material is deposited on an insulating substrate.

This thin layer is then photo etched to create a

resistive pattern.
By precisely controlling the amount of material deposited
and the resistive pattern, tolerances as tight as 0.01%
can be achieved with thin film resistors.
5.

6. Wirewound Resistors :

They are made in a screen printing process using a

conductive ceramic and glass mixture composite
suspended in a liquid.

Once the resistor has been screen printed, it is baked

at high temperatures to remove the liquid and fuse the
ceramic and glass composite.

TYPES OF RESISTOR
7.

Surface Mount Resistors :

Surface Mount Resistors or SMD

Resistors, are very
small rectangular shaped metal oxide
film resistor.

The resistive value of the resistor is

controlled by increasing the desired
thickness, length or type of
deposited film being used and highly
accurate low

tolerance resistors, down to 0.1% can be

produced.

INDUCTOR
An inductor is made of a coil of conducting
wire.

An inductor is a passive element

designed to store energy in the
magnetic field while a capacitor
stores energy in the electric field.

di

dt
dt

13

JOSEPH HENRY (1979-1878)

The unit ([Henry] or [H]) is named

for Joseph Henry, and is equal to a
[Volt-second/Ampere].

14

TYPES OF INDUCTOR

(a)air-core
(b)steel-core
(c)Solid

15

 Air

core
The term air core coil describes an inductor that
inductor

does not use a magnetic core made of a

ferromagnetic material. The term refers to coils
wound on plastic, ceramic, or other nonmagnetic
forms, as well as those that have only air inside the
windings.

Steel

Cores

For low resistance, high inductance applications,

steel cores are a step above air cores. The denser
the steel core, the less of a problem the core will
encounter with magnetic saturation

Solid Ferrite
Cores
When it comes to offering the highest

resistance,
solid ferrite cores are at the top of the list.
However, when dealing with high inductance
they are not always reliable and tend to
reach their magnetic saturation level
relatively quickly. Ferrite cores will use a
different ferrite material based on the
application, such as manganese zinc for
certain kinds of antenna rods, with various
materials offering a different set of
advantages. Powdered ferrite cores are

FLUX IN INDUCTORS
The

relation between the flux in

inductor and the current through the
inductor is given below.
Line
ar

Li

Nonline
ar
i

1H 1 Weber/A

18

I-V RELATION OF INDUCTORS

An inductor consists of a coil of
conducting wire.

di

v
+

dt
dt

19

CAPACITORS
A capacitor consists of two
conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or
dielectric).

The symbol use for capacitor in

the circuit diagram is ::

21

CAPACITORS
is a two terminal circuit
A capacitor
element that has a current through its
terminals which is proportional to the
derivative of the voltage across its
terminals.
The coefficient of this proportionality is
the
defining characteristic of a capacitor.
A capacitor is the device that we use to
model the effect of electric fields on
circuit variables.
The energy stored in electric fields has
effects on

MICHAEL FARADAY (1971-1867)

The unit of capacitor is
Faraday.

23

A
C d

CAPACITOR
S Where,

r0
0 8.854 1012

(F/m)
Three factors affecting
the value of
capacitance:
1.

2.

3.

Area: the larger the area, the

greater the
capacitance.
Spacing between the plates: the
smaller the spacing, the greater
the capacitance.
Material permittivity: the higher

24

TYPES OF CAPACITORS

(a) Polyester capacitor, (b) Ceramic capacitor, (c)

Electrolytic capacitor
25

TYPES OF CAPACITORS

Variable
capacit
ors

26

CHARGE IN CAPACITORS
The

relation between the charge in

plates and the voltage across a
capacitor is given below.
q Cv
1F 1
C/V

Line
ar

Nonline
ar

27

I-V RELATION OF CAPACITOR

+
v
-

q Cv

dq
i dt
dv
C dt

28

Comparisons between three quantities

RELAY
PRINCIPLES
A

relay may also be called an

electromagnetic switch
Relays use a low amperage circuit
to control
a high amperage circuit
The low amperage circuit
controls an electromagnetic
device
The electromagnetic device

RELAY
OPERATION