Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Design
Quantitative Research:
Systematic scientific
investigation of data and
their relationships.
Overview of Qualitative
research
Examples of Quantitative/Qualitative
Data Collection Methods
Quantitative Data
Collection Methods
Fixed
response questions in
interviews
Surveys with fixed response
options
Observations of behaviors on
indices or scales
Meta analyses
Qualitative Data
Collection Methods
Interviews
Focus
groups
Observation
Fieldwork
Case study
Life histories
Content analysis
Filming of interactions
Recording of conversations
DASAR PERBEDAAN
KUANTITATIF
KUALITATIF
JENIS DATA
KUANTITATIF (Data
dapat diukur)
KUALITATIF (Data
tidak dapat diukur)
PROSES PENELITIAN
DEDUKTIF-INDUKTIF
INDUKTIF-DEDUKTIF
RESPONDEN
BANYAK
SATU OBJEK
PENELITIAN
INSTRUMEN
KUESIONER &
INSTRUMEN LAIN
PENELITIAN ITU
SENDIRI MENJADI
INSTRUMEN
TUJUAN PENELITIAN
KONFIRMASI
VERIFIKASI
EKSPLORASI
10
11
12
DESAIN PENELITIAN
Kohort
K
e
l
u
a
r
n
+
Pteorpuljasni Random tSearmpjaenl Folwup KeluarnPterojapnuglaksiuIdentifkasi
Cross-sectional
K
e
l
u
a
r
n
+
Apajdna KeluarnPterojapnuglaksiu teSrjamngpkealuAnalis Keluarn+
18
age
download3
.00
1.00
N
3
16
Mean
34.33
28.25
Std. Deviation
5.033
3.317
Std. Error
Mean
2.906
.829
F
age
Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances
not assumed
Sig.
.583
.456
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
2.715
17
.015
6.083
2.241
1.355
10.811
2.013
2.337
.163
6.083
3.022
-5.278
17.445
21
Questionnaires, Surveys
22
Surveys
Method of Analysis
Rely on existing variation in the sample
Questionnaires!
EXPERIMENTAL
An Experiment is
A controlled empirical test of a hypothesis.
Hypotheses include:
A causes B
A is bigger, faster, better than B
A changes more than B when we do X
Two requirements:
Independent variable that can be
manipulated
Dependent variable that can be measured
Experiments in Research
Membandingkan satu desain atau proses
yang lain
Mengevaluasi teknologi atau intervensi sosial
dalam lingkungan yang terkendali
Mencari tahu apa yang sebenarnya
menyebabkan efek
Mencari tahu apakah efek benar-benar ada
Remember
Experiment mengeksplorasi efek dari hal-hal
Types of Experiments
Randomized units/participants assigned to
Desain dasar
Eksperimen
Peneliti memiliki kekuasaan untuk
Experimental Design
Advantages
Best establishes
cause-and-effect
relationships
Disadvantages
Penelitian tidak
mendalam (Artificiality
of experiments)
Kelayakan (Feasibility)
Unethical
Same?
Control Group
Measure Dependent
Variable
The
Intervention
Remeasure
Dependent
Variable
Compare:
Different?
Remeasure
Dependent
Variable
Experimental Designs
The language of experimental design
X = intervention /Treatmen (T)
O = Observation
O1 = Sequence of observation
R = Randomization
E = Experimental Group; C = Control
The
Gold Standard:
RE
O1
RC
O1
O2
O2
Eksperimen/Uji klinik
UJI KLINIS DASAR
Ra
si nd
o
m
is
a
llo
Fo
up
F
up oll
ow
Inclusi
Fo
up llo
om
nd
Ra
si
Eklusi
isa
w
llo
Fo p
u
Penggunaan Plasebo
Characteristics of True
Designs
Manipulation (treatment)
Randomization
Control group
Types of Experimental
Designs
Simple True Experimental
Complex True Experimental
Quasi-Experimental
Types
Randomized posttest control group
design
Randomized pretest-posttest control
group design
T
C
Post
Post
Pre
Pre
T
C
Post
Post
Pre
Pre
T
C
T
C
Post
Post
Post
Post
QUASI EXPERIMENTAL
PERBEDAAN
EKSPERIMEN
QUASI EKSPERIMEN
Pendahuluan
fenomena tidak
harus
dibandingkan
tidak harus
ada kontrol
Pendahuluan:
Penelitian di laboratorium
pengamatan
pengamatan efek
efek tidak
tidak selalu
selalu harus
harus
dibandingkan
dibandingkan (preliminary)
(preliminary)
keterbatasan
keterbatasan scope
scope yang
yang diteliti
diteliti
randomisasi
randomisasi sulit
sulit dilakukan
dilakukan
Randomisasi?
Randomisasi?
Blinding?
Blinding?
Inclusion
Inclusion criteria?
criteria?
Heterogeneity?
Heterogeneity?
Homogeneity?
Homogeneity?
External
validity?
Ekstrapolasi?
Characteristics of True
Designs
Manipulation (treatment)
Randomization
Control group
Less control
More real-world
Program evaluation
T
C
Post
Post
Pre
Pre
T
C
Post
Post
Pre
Pre
T
C
Post
Post
T
C
Post
Post
1. One group
posttest only design
3. One group
pretest-posttest design
Notasi
X = treatment
O = observasi
-------- = non randomised
Kapan dilakukan?
1. Pemberian pengobatan
2. Evaluasi hasil pendidikan
3. Environmental toxicology
O
O
Kapan dilakukan?
progress suatu treatment tidak
bersamaan
O1
X
O2
Kelemahan
O1
Design:
O1
X
O2
O2
Masalah:
Selection maturation
Instrumentation
differential statistical regression
interaction of selection and history
Contoh:
X
X
X
X
12
O
9
6
0
O
O
O
Design:
O1
X
O2
Apa kelemahannya ?
Contoh:
efek supervisi
OUTCOME 1
O1
O1
treatment
control
Pretest
Posttest
O2
O2
O1
OUTCOME 2
O1
O2
O2
treatment
control
Pretest
Posttest
O1
OUTCOME 3
O1
X
O2
O2
treatment
control
Pretest
Posttest
O1
OUTCOME 4
O1
O2
O2
control
treatment
Pretest
Posttest
O1
OUTCOME 5
O1
O2
O2
treatment
control
Pretest
Posttest