LECTURER 2

WARNING!!!! THIS
SHOULD NOT REPLACE
YOUR NOTE OR TEXTBOOK
IN ANYFORM.
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 Statistics:- This is a science of

collecting, describing and
interpreting data to assist in making
more effective decisions.
Rate: Attack rate:- 100
Secondary attack rate;2

Data collection
It can be quantitative or qualitative
Quantitative

Record analysis
Observation
Structured interview; questionnaire, telephone
Face to face interview

Questionnaire development

Be as specific as possible
Use simple language
Be polite
Keep questionnaire as short as possible
Make sure that only 1 question is asked in one item
Avoid vague words
Avoid leading questions
Avoid presuming questions

 Study population:- This is a group of

individual unit.
Reference population:- This is the broader
population from which the findings from the
study population has been generalized.
Target population:- This is the specific group
of individuals that a project is trying to affect
Sampling frame:- this is the list of all the unit
of the population from which samples will be
drawn
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Sampling size
determination(>10,000)
For population greater than 10,000

n=
P = the proportion in the target population estimated
to have a particular characters.
0.50 is used when there is no history of prevalence
n = the desired sample size when population is greater
than 10,000
Z= standard normal deviate usually 1.96 corresponds
to 95% confidence level
D= the degree of accuracy required usually 0.05
occasionally 0.02 is used when confidence is 98%
q= 1.0 - p
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 Inclusion criteria(assuming 100%

confidence interval)= the formulae is
the same as sample size population
greater than 10,000
the only difference is Z=2.0
the inclusion is used to add a certain
number that will account for those that
may not comply

Sample size
determination(<10,000)
nf=
nf=desired sample size when
population is less than 10,000
n=the desired sample size when
population greater than 10,000
N= estimate of the population size

Sampling techniques
Samples of of the sampling population are taken
when
It is not feasible to carry out the whole population studies
In other to utilize available resources
Time, money, material and man power more efficiently

Non probability sampling

Haphazard sampling
Purposive sampling
Quota sampling

Probability sampling

Simple random sampling

Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Multistage sampling

 Haphazard (convenient sampling)- could be

accidental
Purposive - (judgmental sampling)- presumes
are typical for the population
Quota e.g age, sex and ethnic group
Simple random sampling every member has
equal chance of selection
Systematic sampling first(random)
others(predetermined sampling interval)
Cluster sampling pop is first divided into
clusters of homogenous population unit
Multistage sampling selection is done in
stages until the final sampling units is arrived
at