Chemical Process Principles

(CLB 10904)
Chapter 1 (Part 1)
Basic Concepts
MARMY ROSHAIDAH BT MOHD
SALLEH
SCET UniKL MICET
Tel: 06-5512022
Email: marmy@unikl.edu.my
E-learning: CLB 10904 marmy roshaidah

In designing a new process or analyzing an

existing one, calculation of amounts and
properties of raw materials and products
is crucial.
This chapter presents the calculation
techniques of expressing the values of
process variables.
Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

Topic Outcomes

At the end of Chapter 1, you should be able to:

Convert one set of units in a function or equation into
another equivalent set for mass, length, area,
volume, time, energy and force using conversion
factor tables.
Identify the units commonly used to express both
mass (amount of "matter" in an object) and weight
(force experienced by an object due to gravity).
Identify the number of significant figures in a given
value and state the precision with which the value is
known
Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

Chemical Process Principles

(CLB 10904)

1.1: Unit, Dimensions,

and Conversion of Units

Units
Units

TAKE NOTE
Addition

used for
expressing the
dimensions

Example:
Length: feet (ft) or meter (m).
Time: hours/seconds (hr/s).

Example: 2.05kg + 3.56kg (YES)

Subtraction

Example: 5m 3m (YES)
7hr 2min (NO)
Multiplication
Division

Example : 4m x 3m = 12 m22
Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

Conversion of Units
A measured quantity can be expressed in terms of any units
having the appropriate dimension.
To convert a quantity expressed in terms of one unit to
equivalent in terms of another unit, multiply the given
quantity by the conversion factor as given in conversion
table.
Conversion factor a ratio of equivalent values of a
quantity expressed in different units.
Lets say we want to convert 36 mg to gram.
36 mg

1g
1000 mg

0.036 g
Conversion
factor

Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

Conversion Table

Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

Conversion Table (Cont.)

Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

Dimensional Equation
Lets say we want to convert 1 cm/s2 to km/yr2
1. Write the given quantity and units on the left hand side.
2. Write the units of conversion factors that cancelled the existing unit
and replace them with the desired unit.

1 cm
s2

s2
h2

h2
day2

day2
yr2

m
cm

km
m

3. Fill the values of the conversion factors

1 cm 36002 s2
s2

242 h2 3652 day2

12 h2 12 day2

36002 x 242 x 3652

100 x 1000

km
yr2

12 yr2
=

1m

1 km

100 cm

1000 m

9.95 x 109 km/ yr 2

Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

Chemical Process Principles

(CLB 10904)

1.2: Systems of Units

11

Systems of Units

Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

12

Systems of Units
3 systems of unit:
a) SI system
b) American Engineering System
c) CGS system

13

Base Units
Quantity

Length

SI
(system of
units)

CGS
Symbol American

Symbol

(Centimeter
gramsecond
system)

Symbol

meter

foot

ft

centimeter

cm

Mass

kilogram

kg

pound
mass

lbm

gram

Moles

gram-mole

mole

gram-mole

mole

Time

second

second

second

Temperature

Kelvin

Rankine

Kelvin

pound mole lbmole

14

Multiple Units
Fractions of base unit
Example :
Years
Days
Hours
Minutes

Seconds

Multiple Unit prefixes

Multiple Unit Preferences
tera (T) = 1012

centi (c) = 10-2

giga (G) = 109

milli (m) = 10-3

mega (M) = 106

micro () = 10-6

kilo (k) = 103

nano (n) = 10-9

15

Derived SI Units
Quantity

Unit

Volume

Liter

Symbol

Equivalent to the Base

Unit

0.001m3 = 1000 cm3

Force

Newton (SI)
Dyne (CGS)

1 kg.m/s2
1 g.cm/s2

Pressure

Pascal

Pa

1 N/m2

Energy/
Work

Joule
Calorie

J
cal

1 N.m = 1 kg.m2/s2
4.184 J = 4.184 kg.m2/s2

Power

Watt

1 J/s = 1 kg.m2/s3

Derived SI Units

16

17

Check Your Understanding 1

Derive unit for velocity in the
SI System?
The CGS System?
The American Engineering System?
length m
ft
cm
Velocity=
(ISI unit) = (American) =
(CGS)
time
s
s
s

EXERCISE
Check Your
Understanding 2

18

Convert 1 miles per hour to meter per second

mile mile
1m
1hr
m
1
1

0.447
hr
hr 0.0006214mile 3600s
s

EXERCISE
Check Your
Understanding 3

19

Convert 23 Ibm.ft/min2 to its equivalent kg.cm/s2

lbm. ft 23lbm. ft 0.453593 kg 100 cm (12 )min 2

kg.cm
23

0.088
1 lbm
3.2808 ft (602 )s 2
min 2
min 2
s2

20

The Chain of Mechanical Quantities

21

Force (F = ma)
Force is proportional to product of mass, m and
acceleration, a (length/time2).
Base force units are therefore kg.m/s2 (SI), g.cm/s2 (CGS),
and Ibm.ft/s2 (American Engineering).
To avoid these complex base force units, we usually define
using derived force units
1 Newton (N) = 1 kg.m/s2
(SI Unit)
1 dyne
= 1 g.cm/s2 (CGS System)
1 Ibf = 32.174 Ibm.ft/s2 (American System)

22

Weight (W = mg)
Weight of an object is force exerted on the
object by gravitational attraction of the
earth i.e. force of gravity, g.
Value of gravitational acceleration:
g = 9.8066 m/s2
= 980.66 cm/s2
= 32.174 ft/s2

Chemical Process Principles

(CLB 10904)
1.3: Dimensional Homogeneity
and Dimensionless Quantities

24

Dimensions

25

Base Dimensions
Quantity

SI Unit

Dimension

Kilogram

Meter

Temperature

Time

Mass
Length

26

Base Dimensions

27

Check Your Understanding 4

Spaghetti Recipe
Ingredients:
20 ml of cooking oil
100 gram of minced meat
15 cm spaghetti sticks

Value

Unit

Dimension

20

milliliter

LENGTH [L3]

100

gram

MASS [M]

15

centimeter

LENGTH [L]

28

Dimensional Homogeneity
Quantities can be added/subtracted if ONLY their
UNITS and DIMENSIONS are same.
If the dimensions are the same on both left and
right side of the equation, then we can say it is
dimensionally homogenous

VELOCITY = LENGTH / TIME

(L) / (T)
(L) / (T)
(m/s)
(m/s)

imensionally Homogeneous

29

Dimensional Homogeneity
Every valid equation must be dimensionally
homogeneous.
All additive terms on both sides of the
equation must have same dimensions.

30

Check Your Understanding 5

We have F = ma, where;
F = Force (N = kg.m/s2) = (M.L) / (T2)
m = Mass (kg)
= (M)
a = Acceleration (m/s2) = (L) / (T2)
Unit: F (kg.m/s2) = m (kg) x a (m/s2) (Consistent)
Dimension:

(M )(L)
(L)

2
2
(T)
(T)
LEFT

RIGHT

31

Dimensional Analysis
This is a very important tool to check your work
Example: Solving a problem to find distance, d
based on this equation:

d = vt2 (velocity x time2)

Dimension on left side = (L)
Dimension on right side = (L)/(T) x (T)2 = (L).(T)
Left and right dimensions are not same, NOT
dimensionally homogenous, hence the equation is
NOT valid!!

32

Check your understanding 6

The period, P of a swinging pendulum
depends only on the length of the
pendulum, d and the acceleration of
gravity, g. Which of the following formulas
for P could be correct? Given d as length
and g is acceleration of gravity.
OR
P 2 dg

d
P 2
OR
g

P 2

d
g

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Check your understanding 6

Period, P should has dimension of time, T.
Length of pendulum, d has dimension of length, L
Acceleration of gravity, g has dimension of
length/time2, L/T2

P 2 dg

(a)
(a)

We get

L 2
T

L4
4 T
T

Not
Right !!

d
P 2
g
We get
L
T2 T
L
T2

Not
Right !!

P 2

We get

d
g

L
T2 T
L
T2

Correct units!!

34

Dimensional Analysis
If an equation is dimensionally homogeneous but its
additive terms have inconsistent unit, the terms may
be made consistent by applying conversion factors.

Example:

m
m m
V V0 g 2 tmin
s
s s

Apply the conversion factor

m
m m
60s
V V0 g 2 tmin

s
s s
1min
An equation is only VALID when it is dimensionally
Homogeneous and consistent in UNITS!!!

35

Dimensionless Quantities
Numbers, e.g.. : 2, 1.3, 5/2 are dimensionless.
In addition, a multiplicative combination of
variables with no net dimensions. E.g. Reynolds
number, Re (used to help predict similar flow
patterns) is also dimensionless.

M L
L
3
ud L T
Re

L.T

Density, = (g/cm3) = (M/L3)

Velocity, u = (cm/s) = (L/T)
Diameter, d = (cm) = (L)
Viscosity, = (g/cm.s) = (M/L.T)

36

Homework!
Attempt Tutorial 1:
Basic Concepts (Part 1)
Question 1 until 9