Slab On Grade

California State Office
Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

NRCS Practice:
National
Engineering
Manual, Part
511 and 536
NRCS Concrete Design Practice follows:

Policy : National Engineering Manual NEM:
Waste Storage Structures
Service Hydraulic Structures
Other Structures
Practice standards: Section 4 of the Field Office

Technical Guide
Engineering Field Manual, Chapter 6
National Engineering Handbook NEH
NEH 6, Section 4 Reinforced Concrete Working Stress
Design
Technical Release:
TR 67 - Reinforced Concrete Strength Design
Specifications
Part 642, Specification 31 & 34
NRCS Practice
NRCS Concrete Design Practice also follows industry practice:

Codes
Building Code American Concrete Institute, ACI 318
Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures, ACI
350
Design of slabs on grade, ACI 360
Uniform Building Code
Local Codes
Standards
ASTM (American Standard Testing Materials)
References
PCA (Portland Cement Association)
CRSI (Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute)
Text Books
NOTES:
ACI 350 -01
Includes USD and
WSD
NRCS is in the
process to replace
TR 67 and NEH 6 Concrete Section
with the new
NEH, Part 636
ACI 318

REINFORCED CONCRETE IS A
COMBINATION BETWEEN :
Concrete in the
tension zone of the
section is neglected
in the flexural
analysis and design
calculations, and the
tension
reinforcement is
assumed to resist
the total tensile force
CONCRETE
which has a good performance in
Compression but poor in Tension
and
STEEL
which has a good performance
both in Tension and Compression
b
Compression, eC
N.A
d
cover
Tension, eS
As

Types of flexural failures :
Tension: rebars yield before concrete fails
Ample warning of failure with deflection and cracking can
occur (As < Asbal)
Compression: concrete fails before steel yields

A brittle failure condition is expected to develop, with little
warning of impending failure (As > Asbal)
Balanced: concrete fails and steel yields simultaneously

No warning (As = Asbal)
The compression
stress-strain diagram
provides a most
important factor for use
in deriving equations
for designing
reinforced concrete.
During the loading
process loads in Kg
and the corresponding
strains in mm/mm are
recorded. The loads
are transformed into
direct stresses P/A and
the stress-strain
diagram is then
plotted.

Approximate
strain at
ultimate
Proportion of peak
stress
stress
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.001
Approximately linear
from zero to 0.5 f c
0.002
Resistance as
load exceeds
ultimate
0.003
0.004
Maximum usable ultimate strain

at the extreme concrete
compression fiber eu = 0.003
Strain
Strain
in/in
in/in
ALLOWABLE
STRESSES:

Design Methods:
Working Stress : Based on straight line elastic assumptions
CONCRETE:
Compressive
strength = 4000 psi
Flexure: fc = 0.4fc
Shear: vc =1.1 fc
STEEL:
fs = 20000 psi
n = Es/Ec,
n =503.3 / fc
k = 2pn + (pn)2 - pn
See NEH6, ES-160, 1 of 3
Checking design:
fc = 2M /jkbd2
fs =M / Asjd
jd = d kd/3
j = 1-k/3
p = As/bd
pbal = (fc / 2fs) x k
Ms = As fs j d
Mc =1/2 fcjkbd 2
As = M / fs j d
d = M / 0.5 fc j k b
Balanced section in
working stress design
occurs when concrete
and steel develop their
full allowable stresses
simultaneously.
NEH6, ES-160
pbal

Design Methods: Ultimate strength : Recognizes the nonlinearity of the
stress-strain diagram at high stress levels
TR 67:
Factored Loads:
1.8 D + 1.8 C
Strength reduction
factors:
Flexion F = 0.90
Shear F = 0.85
Max steel ratio:
Service
Service hydraulic
structures
Mn = fy As(d-a/2) ,
pmax = pshy
Other structures
pmax = 0.5 pbal
or
a = fy As / 0.85fc b
As = bd / m - (bd/m)2 - 2bMu / Fmfy

pbal = 0.85fcb1 x
fy
Min steel ratio:

pmin = 200/fy
Strength provided Strength required to carry factored load

Nominal strength F Service loads x factors , FMn = Mu
87000
87000 + fy
Asprov > 4/3 Asreqd

see TR67 page 43
m = fy / 0.85 fc
b1 = 0.85 (for fc up to 4000 psi)
pshy = 0.4 fc/fy [1/ 1+ 1.25fy/nfc]
n = 503.3/fc
Balanced section in
ultimate strength design
occurs when the tension
reinforcement reaches its
specified yield strength fy
just as the compressive
strain in the concrete
reaches a value of 0.003.
pmin
pshy
pmax
TR67 ES-220
FMn = Mu

As

Temperature & shrinkage (T&S) joint spacing < 30ft
Single mat pT&S = 0.003
Double mat pT&S = 0.002 (exposed face)
= 0.001 (unexposed face)
Temperature & shrinkage (T&S) joint spacing > 30ft
Single mat pT&S = 0.005
Double mat pT&S = 0.003 (exposed face)
= 0.002 (unexposed face)
Steel Spacing:
The maximum spacing of principal steel is twice the wall or
slab . but no more than 18 in.
The maximum spacing of temperature steel is three times the
wall or slab thickness, but no more than 18 in.
Concrete Cover
The minimum clear concrete cover over reinforcement is 2
Concrete deposited on or against earth minimum cover is 3
NOTE : In design for slabs or beams, the distance from the surface of the
concrete to the centerline of the reinforcing steel may be taken as
2-1/2 or 3-1/2 inches as the case may be, for all bars one in or less in
diameter.
Development lengths

Splices

Splices: ACI 318
Lap Spices shall not be used for bars larger than No. 11. (ACI
12.14.2)
Lap Spices should be placed in away from regions of high tensile
stresses -locate near points of inflection (ACI 12.15.1)

Control of flexural cracking:
Z < 130 for service hydraulic structures

Z < 145 for other structures
BREAK
Slabs on Grade
American Concrete
Institute References
Slabs on Grade
NRCS Practice Standard 313
Waste Storage Facility:
Thickness & joint spa.
reinforcement
liquid tightness required
4 (joint spacing
<10)
no
5 (joint spacing >

10)
Subgrade drag theory
yes
ACI 360 Design of Slabs on Grade
ACI 302 Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction
Slab Types & Design

Methods:
THE DESIGNERS
CHOICE
ACI 360 Slab Types
Slabs on Grade
Type A, plain concrete slab (no bars, no wire, no fiber)
slab thickness designed for imposed loads ( remains
uncracked)
joint spacing of 2 to 3 times the slab thickness in feet
10 ft maximum (NRCS PS 313)
must have a uniform subgrade
Saw cut 1/4 thickness (1/3 thickness w/ fiber, 1 in max
for fibermesh
Slab Types & Design

Methods:
THE DESIGNERS
CHOICE
Slabs on Grade
Type B, slab with shrinkage control reinforcement
slab floor remains uncracked
steel selected by T & S control procedures
joint spacing slightly larger than plain slab
place steel at or above mid-depth of slab
Slab Types & Design

Methods:
THE DESIGNERS
CHOICE
Slabs on Grade
Type C, slab with shrinkage-compensating concrete (ACI
223)
expansive admixture of type K cement
joint spacing large
requires steel reinforcement
Slab Types & Design

Methods:
THE DESIGNERS
CHOICE
Slabs on Grade
Type D, slab post-tensioned for crack control
post-tensioned tendons for crack control
no control joints needed between construction joints
Slab Types & Design

Methods:
THE DESIGNERS
CHOICE
Slabs on Grade
Type E, lightly reinforced structural slab
with rebar or post-tensioned tendons
structurally reinforced (reserve capacity)
used for shrink/swell soils
joint spacing not as critical
Slab Types & Design

Methods:
THE DESIGNERS
CHOICE
Slabs on Grade
Type F, structurally reinforced slab (one or two steel layers)
design allows certain amount of cracking at some
determined level of loading
joint spacing not critical
Slab Types & Design

Methods:
THE DESIGNERS
CHOICE
Slabs on Grade
Fiber-enhanced concrete slab
fibers: steel or synthetic may be used in plain,
reinforced or pre-stressed concrete
joint spacing same as plain concrete slab
synthetic fiber:
- 1.5 pounds of fibers per cubic yard of concrete
- reduce plastic shrinkage cracking
- improved concrete performance
- reduction in permeability
- greater impact and abrasion resistance
Polypropylene Fibers
Slab Type B:
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
Slabs on Grade
Steel Area Calculation Procedures
(Shrinkage & Temperature Control)
1) Subgrade Drag Theory
2) Confirmed Capacity Procedure
3) Temperature Procedure
4) Equivalent Strength Procedure
5) Crack Restraint Procedure
Designer must choose the appropriate procedure
Slabs on Grade
1) Subgrade Drag Theory
Slab Type B:
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
A s
F ( L) w
2 f s
A s = cross sectional area of steel (in2/ft.)

F= Friction Factor
w = weight of concrete slab (psf)
f s = allowable steel stress, use 2/3 to 3/4 of the
steel yield point (psi)
2 = assumes that the slab will move (shrink) an
equal distance from each end towards the
center
L = slab length between free ends, in feet. ( A free
end is any joint free to move in the horizontal
L=
length of slab between
free ends (joints) in the
direction of
steel (ft.)
consider max. L value (25 feet is
recommended)
use equivalent length when ends
are restrained
Equivalent Length
Maximum Joint Spacing Relative

to Slab Thickness when using the
Subgrade Drag Theory
Slabs on Grade
2) Confirmed Capacity Procedure

Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
A s
14.5 f'c t slab

fy

t = thickness of the slab (in.)
f `c = concrete compressive strength (psi)
f y = yield strength of the reinforcement (psi)
A designer should at least check the subgrade equation and confirmed
capacity equation in selecting reinforcement. The greater value of the two is
suggested to be a minimum cross-sectional area requirement.
(WIRE REINFORCEMENT INSTITUTE TF-705)
Slabs on Grade
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel Area
Calculation Procedures
A s
Temperature
fr2)
( 12
) tslab
2 fs t Es
Procedure
fr 0.4 ( 7.5) f'c
A s = cross sectional area of steel (in2/per lineal foot of slab

width)
t slab = thickness of the slab (in.)
f r = tensile strength of concrete (psi) = 0.4 x Modulus of
Rupture
f s = working stress in the reinforcement (psi)
2/3 to 3/4(f y), where f y is the steel yield strength (psi)
= coefficient of thermal expansion (6.0 x10-6 in./in./o F)
t = range of temperature the slab is expected to be
subjected to (o F)
E s = modulus of elasticity of steel (29x10 6 psi)
Slabs on Grade
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
A s
36.0 f'c t slab

fs

f `c = concrete compressive strength (psi)
f s = working stress in the reinforcement (psi)
2/3 to 3/4(f y), where f y is the steel yield strength (psi)
Slabs on Grade
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
9360
A s
lb
in
fy
t slab

f y = steel yield strength (psi)
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
Source:
Wire Reinforcement
Institute TF 705 :
Innovative Ways to
Reinforce Slabs on
Ground
Slabs on Grade
1) Subgrade Drag Theory:
control joint spacings of less than 25 ft
thin slabs, less than 6 in
residential and light commercial construction
2) Temperature Procedure
climate controlled industrial slabs on ground
minimize shrinkage crack frequency and width
use of thermal gradient less than 40o not
recommended
highway paving
industrial buildings slabs
truck ramps
roadways
food processing operations, hospitals
microcracking restrain
Slabs on Grade
Example:
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
Source:
NRCS Pole Building
Design Workshop
National Design
Center
(William Wallace)
Given: A 6-inch slab with shrinkage control reinforcement and 20

feet joint spacing. No vehicle loads will be present.
Find: 1) The reinforcing Required
Data:
Slabs on Grade
L =20 feet
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
F = 1.5
t = 6 in
W = 12.5 x 5 = 75 lb
ft2
Slabs on Grade
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
Procedure
Steel Area Required per lineal

foot
Steel Ratio
(%)
Subgrade drag
0.028 in
0.04
Confirmed
Capacity
0.092 in
0.13
Temperature
0.220 in
0.31
Equivalent
Strength
0.342 in
0.47
Crack Restraint
0.936 in
1.30
Slabs on Grade
Modified Subgrade Drag Formula (University of Texas)
Future edition of ACI

360
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
As = 600 LT / D fs
T = frictional resistance, psi

L = distance between joints
D = slab thickness
fs = allowable steel stress
New minimum requirement per ACI 360 p = 0.10%
Slabs on Grade
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
Future edition of
ACI 360
Procedure
Steel Area Required per

lineal foot
Steel Ratio
(%)
Subgrade drag
0.028 in
0.04
ACI 360 min.
0.072 in2
0.10
Modified
Subgrade
0.100 in2
0.13
Confirmed
Capacity
0.092 in
0.13
Temperature
0.220 in
0.31
Equivalent
Strength
0.342 in
0.47
Crack Restraint
0.936 in
1.30
Slabs on Grade
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
Rule of thumb
for joint spacing
Table Developed
by ACI 360
Instructor
As
Joint
Spacing
(feet)
Saw Joint
Load
Transfer
Crack
Expectations
NonReinforced
0 % - .09%
6t
Dowels
Minimal
Light
.10 % - .13%
6t
Reinforcing/
Steel fibers
Minimal
Moderate
.14 % - .30 %
8t
Dowels
Few tight
Heavy
.30 % - .50 %
9t
Dowels
Few tight
Joint free
.50 % +
Bulkheads
None
Many
hairline
Reinforcing
Design
Slabs on Grade
Methods of Slab Thickness Determination
Slab Design Methods:

Thickness
1) PCA, Portland Cement Association

2) WRI, Wire Reinforcement Institute
3) COE, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
4) ACI 223, Shrinkage Compensating
Concrete Method
5) Finite Element Analysis
Slabs on Grade
Slab, (Portland Cement) 4

in or grater
The subbsase is
usually a good
economical fill
material, with the base
being a thinner layer of
more expensive
material having a
superior K.
Often the existing

subgrade may be
satisfactory base
material. Generally
the materials that yield
a standard a K above
125 pci, can be used.
The soils below this
value, as well as the
low compressibility
(MH) are to be
avoided.
Base Material, 4 in min

(drainable fill)
Natural Soil
Subbase : The natural soil at

the site or better material.
The top 6 in to 24 in is
usually compacted
Quick Notes:
Proofrolling: is one of the simplest methods of determining the ability of the
full soil support to take loads. If any rutting or pumping is evident during the
procedure, corrective actions should be taken to improve the soil.
Base Material : Maximum particle size : No more than 1/3 the base thickness
Base Materials
Slabs on Grade
Slabs on Grade
K - Value
Source:
NRCS Pole Building
Design Workshop
National Design Center:
Thickness is usually a
function of loading,
subgrade modulus,
modulus of rupture of
the concrete, and slab
stiffness
Rigid slab design

Modulus of subgrade reaction, k
pounds per square inch of pressure per inch of deflection,
commonly written in pci
Standard method for field measurement 30-inch diameter
bearing plate
k -values
K - Value
Use k for the subgrade

material
Adding a compacted
granular subbase will result
in a small sup-port stiffness
increase
Use tb = tslab as a rule of
thumb, unless k is small
k = 150 pci
concrete
tb
compacted granular subbase

subgrade
tb
Slabs on Grade
Example:
Source:
NRCS Pole Building
Design Workshop
Vehicle weight 40 kips

Rear axle load 32 kips
Single wheels
Pneumatic tires
Wheel spacing 72 in
Tire width = 20 inches (tire pressure = 80 psi)
Wheel contact area = 20x10 = 200 in2
Equivalent Wheel Diameter
Wheel Contact Area
1 Axleload
A contact
2 Tirepressure
If the wheel contact area

(A contact) is the only value
known then,
d equiv
A contact ( 4)
Rear Axle Loading

concrete
slab
Wheel spacing = 72 in.

16,000 lbs.
per 200 in2
16,000 lbs.
per 200 in2
Tire length = 10 in.
subbase
subgrade
Deflected shape
Tire width = 20 in.

Notes: 1) loads cause tension in the bottom
of the concrete slab at wheel locations, 2)
slab moments are maximum parallel to the
axle, and 3) closer wheel spacing creates
more moment in the slab
tb
Slabs on Grade
Materials
Source:
NRCS Pole Building
Design Workshop
National Design Center
Modulus of Rupture is a
type of tension test in
which a plain concrete
beam, generally
6x6x30 long is loaded
in flexure until it fails
due to cracking in the
tension face.
Concrete compressive strength? f`c = 4000 psi
Ec 57000 f'c
Ec 3.605 10
psi
Safety factor = SF = 2.0

Modulus of rupture = MOR = 285 psi
MOR
9 f'c
SF
Subgrade modulus? neglect effects of subbase (base)

k = 100 pci (clay subgrade, CL)
Slabs on Grade
Determine D/k value (WRI Charts)
Source:
NRCS Pole Building
Design Workshop
E = 3.605x106 psi
Assume a 9 in. slab
k = 100
pci
D/k = 22 x 105 in4
Slab Moment (WRI Charts)
M = 18 in-lb/in
1) Unit moment, M
D/k = 22
190 + 18 = 208 in-lb/in

per 1000 lb of wheel
load
2) Applied moment
(208)(32/2) = 3328 inlb/in or ft-lb/ft
M = 190 in-lb/in
dequiv (or tire width)
Slabs on Grade
Slab Thickness (WRI Charts)
Source:
NRCS Pole Building
Design Workshop
M = 3328 ft-lb/ft (applied moment)
MOR = 285 psi
Note: 1) 9.0-in. thickness for

an uncracked, lightly reinforced slab (using T&S or
subgrade drag theory),
2) the WRI design method
assumes at least some steel is
present. and only considers
loads on the interior of slab
not along the edge
t = 8.50in. (Use 9.0 in.) o.k.
Slabs on Grade
Reducing Slab Thickness

fy 60000
Source:
NRCS Pole Building
Design Workshop
(William Wallace
Presentation)
f'c 4000
lb
in
lb
in
Note: Hairline cracks are expected

to develop
Steel yield strength
(Type F slab)
28-day concrete compressive strength
b 12in
Design on a per foot basis
M app 3328.0ft lb
Applied moment regardless of the slab thickness

Bending Stress < flexural Capacity
SMrequired = Mapplied
MOR
Find required slab thickness such that f b <= MOR

Required slab thickness
t slab 6.0in
SM = 12t2
6
M = SM x fb
fb
( 6)M app
b t slab
MOR 9 f'c
fb 555
lb
in
MOR 569 psi
Bending stress (tension in

the slab bottom)
Modulus of rupture
(with SF = 1.0)
Slabs on Grade

Source:
NRCS Pole Building
Design Workshop
National Design
Center:
Find the required reinforcing steel (structurally reinforced slab)

Ultimate Strength Method:
Method
SF= 2
Mu = Mapp (SF)
Effective depth from top of slab to rebar
Mu = 3328 x 2 = 6656 lb-ft
(Design Moment)
d=t/2 = 6/2 =3in
Required area of steel:
Ultimate Strength
rmax > rcal > rrmin
As = bd / m -
(bd/m)2
As= (12)(3) /17.65 -
- 2bMu / Fmfy
(12 x 3/17.65 )2
m = fy / 0.85 fc= 60/(.85)(4)=17.65
- (2)(12)(6.66x12) / (0.9)(17.65)(60) = 0.57 in 2
Provide # 5 @ 6 in O.C. Asprovided = 0.61 in2 per foot (both directions in a 6 in thick slab)
Slabs on Grade

Find the required reinforcing steel (structurally reinforced slab)
Working Stress
Working Stress
fc = 0.4fc
fs = 20000 psi
n = Es/Ec =
503.3 / fc = 8
p = As/bd
k = 2pn + (pn)2 - pn
pbal = (fc / 2fs) x k
Moment Capacity:
M = As fs j d
j = 1-k/3
or
jd = d kd/3
Mapplied = 3328 lb-ft
(Design Moment)
d=t/2 = 6/2 =3in
BREAK

Slab On Grade

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California State Office

Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

NRCS Concrete Design Practice follows:

Practice standards: Section 4 of the Field Office

California State Office

NRCS Concrete Design Practice also follows industry practice:

California State Office

California State Office

Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

California State Office

Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

Compression: concrete fails before steel yields

Balanced: concrete fails and steel yields simultaneously

California State Office

Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

Maximum usable ultimate strain

California State Office

Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

pbal = (fc / 2fs) x k

California State Office

Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

California State Office

Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

pmax = 0.5 pbal

As = bd / m - (bd/m)2 - 2bMu / Fmfy

Min steel ratio:

Strength provided Strength required to carry factored load

Asprov > 4/3 Asreqd

b1 = 0.85 (for fc up to 4000 psi)

pshy = 0.4 fc/fy [1/ 1+ 1.25fy/nfc]

California State Office

Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

California State Office

Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

California State Office

Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

California State Office

Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

California State Office

Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

California State Office

Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

California State Office

Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

California State Office

Reinforced Concrete Design Fundamentals

Z < 130 for service hydraulic structures

California State Office

California State Office

liquid tightness required

5 (joint spacing >

Subgrade drag theory

ACI 360 Design of Slabs on Grade

ACI 302 Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction

California State Office

Slab Types & Design

ACI 360 Slab Types

California State Office

Slab Types & Design

California State Office

Slab Types & Design

California State Office

Slab Types & Design