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x f (t )
y g (t )
EXAMPLE 1
x 2t
y 4t 2 1
Solution:
x
Given that x 2t , thus t
2
Then
x
y 4 1
2
x2 1
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EXAMPLE 2
x t2 t
y 2t 1
Solution:
We plug in some values of t .
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EXAMPLE 13
x cos t
y sin t
0 t 2
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1.2 THREE-DIMENSIONAL
COORDINATE SYSTEM
y
x
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EXAMPLE 1
(3, 4, 5)
(2, -5, -7)
Distance Formula in
The distance
P1 Pbetween
2
P1 ( xand
1 , y1 , z1 )
P2 ( x2 , y2 , zis2 )
P1 P2 ( x2 x1 ) ( y2 y1 ) ( z 2 z1 )
2
EXAMPLE 2
Vectors in
Given:
-initial point P ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
-terminal point Q( x2 , y2 , z 2 )
Then the vector PQ has the unique standard
component form
PQ x2 x1 , y2 y1 , z 2 z1
Standard Representation
of Vectors in the Space
PQ ( x2 x1 )i ( y2 y1 ) j ( z 2 z1 )k
with magnitude
PQ ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y2 y1 ) 2 ( z 2 z1 ) 2
x2 z 2 9
On the xz - plane the graph is a
circle of radius three.
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(2) Ellipsoid
x2 y2 z2
2 2 1
2
a
b
c
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(3)
Paraboloid
x
y
2 cz, c 0
2
a
b
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(5) Cone
x2 y2 z 2
2 2 0
2
a
b
c
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x2 y2 z 2
2 2 1
2
a
b
c
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x2 y2 z 2
2 2 2 1
a
b
c
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x2 y2
2 2 cz, c 0
a
b
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EXAMPLE 29
(i) 5 y 3 z 15
(ii) z 9 y
(iii) x 2 y 2 16
(iv) x y z 1
2
(v) z x 2 ( y 1) 2
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, z0 )
If L is a line that contains the point ( x0 , y0and
j ck
is parallel to the vector v ai ,bthen
L has
parametric form
x x0 at
y y0 bt
z z0 ct
that satisfy
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EXAMPLE 18
y 1 2t
z 2 5t
continue solution:
*This 1ine wi11 intersect the xy-p1ane when z 0;
0 2 5t imp1ies t
2
5
11
9
, ,
5
5
0 .
1
2
, 0, 92 .
, then y
and z
11
1
11
3
3
x x0
y y0
z z0
a
b
c
EXAMPLE 19
Solution:
@ i 5 j 4k
x2 y 4 z 3
Then,
1
5
4
4 y z 3
The symmetric equation is x 2
5
4
continue solution:
This 1ine wi11 intersect the xy -p1ane when z 0;
3
4 y 3
x2
and
4
5
4
11
1
x
y
4
4
The point of intersection of the 1ine with the xy -p1ane is
11 1
, ,
4 4
0 .
CLASS ACTIVITY 1
1.
x 1 y 2
z5
2
4
EXAMPLE 20
x 2 3t , y 5 4t , z 3 7t
1
x 2 4t , y 1 t , z 5t ;
(b)
2
x 3t , y 2 t , z 4 2t
x
3
y
1
z
4
x
2
y
3
z
2
(c)
2
1
1
3
1
1
Solution:
x 3 y 1 z 4
x 2 y 5 z 3
1. Let L1 :
and L2 :
3
4
7
3
4
7
L1 has direction numbers 3, 4, 7
and L2 has direction numbers 3, 4, 7 .
Solution:
1
x 2 y 1 z 2
x y2 z4
2. Let L1 :
and L2 :
4
1
5
3
1
2
L1 has direction numbers 4,1,5
continue solution:
Continue : 2
At an intersection point we must have
2 4t1 3t2
4t1 3t2 2
1 t1 2 t2
1
2
5t1 4 2t2
t1 t2 3
5t1 2t2
7
2
Solution:
x 3 y 1 z 4
x 2 y 3 z 2
3. Let L1 :
and L2 :
2
1
1
3
1
1
L1 has direction numbers 2, 1,1
and L2 has direction numbers 3, 1,1 .
continue solution:
Continue : 3
At an intersection point we must have
3 2t1 2 3t2
1 t1 3 t2
t1 1 and t2 1
4 t1 2 t2
z 4 t1 4 1 3
1, 2,3
or x 2 3t2 , y 3 t2 , z 2 t2
CLASS ACTIVITY 2 :
In problems below, tell whether the two
lines are intersect, parallel, or skew. If
they intersect, give the point of
intersection.
x 6t , y 1 9t , z 3t ;
1. x 1 2t , y 4 3t , z t
x 1 2t , y 3t , z 2 t ;
2. x 1 t , y 4 t , z 1 3t
y 1 z 2 x 3 y 2 z 1
3. x
2
3
4
3
2
v n 0
where n is called the normal vector.
N.QP Ai Bj Ck . x x0 i y y0 j z z0 k
A x x0 B y y0 C z z0
A x x0 B y y0 C z z0 0
0
0
0
Point-normal form:
Ax By Cz D 0
Standard form:
Ax By Cz D 0
Conversely,
aknormal vector to the plane
N Ai Bj C
is
EXAMPLE 21
N i 2 j 3k
1.
P 1,3,5 ; N 2i 4 j 3k
Solution :
Point-Normal form
2 x 1 4 y 3 3 z 5 0
Standard form
2 x 1 4 y 3 3 z 5 0
2 x 2 4 y 12 3 z 15 0
2 x 4 y 3z 5 0
R
If v and w are nonzero vectors
in
that are not multiples of one another,
then v x w is orthogonal to both v and
w
n vw
EXAMPLE 22
SOLUTION:
Hint :
What we need?
N?
Point x0 , y0 , z0 ?
N PQ PR
Since, a11 point P, Q and R
are points in the p1ane,
so just pick one of them !!
EXAMPLE 23
Hint :
Equation for 1ine; x x0 At , y y0 Bt , z z0 Ct ,
so, obvious1y, you just have to find
the va1ue of A, B and C.
and x0 , y0 , z0
N = Ai + Bj + Ck
(2, -1, 3)
CLASS ACTIVITY 3:
1.
2.
3.
x 3 y 1 z
.
3
5
2
Find a p1ane that passes through the point 1, 2, 1
and is para11e1 to the p1ane 2 x y 3 z 1.
x 1 y 1 z 2
Show that the 1ine
2
3
4
is para11e1 to the p1ane x 2 y z 6.
EXAMPLE 24
EXAMPLE 25
Equation of a Plane
Containing Two
Intersecting
Lines
Find the standard-form equation
of the p1ane
determined by the intersecting 1ines.
x 2 y 5 z 1
x 1 y z 16
and
3
2
4
2
1
5
EXAMPLE 26
INTERSECTING PLANE
The acute angle
between the planes :
cos
n1 n 2
n1 n 2
EXAMPLE 27
EXAMPLE 28
2 x 3 y 6 z 1
P(r , )
O
Origin
Polar
axis
II
sin
sin
cos
tan
tan
cos
III
IV
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59
+ve
-ve
sin sin
cos cos
tan tan
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60
B
30
2
O
60
45
30
45
sin
0
1
0
1/ 2
3/2
1/ 2
1/ 2
1/ 3
tan
45
cos
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60
90
1
3/2
0
1/ 2
3 undefined
61
EXAMPLE 4
(a ) 3, 2250
(b) 2,
3
Solution:
2250
(a)
P 3,2250
O
(b)
P 2,
3
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P
r
O x r cos
x r cos
r x y
2
y r sin
y r sin
y
tan
x
EXAMPLE 5
2,
to Cartesian coordinates.
Solution:
x r cos 2 cos 1
3
y r sin 2 sin 3
3
The Cartesian coordinates is 1, 3
EXAMPLE 6
2
polar coordinates are r , 4,
Solution:
2
1
x 4 cos 4 2
3
2
3
2
2 3
y 4 sin 4
3
2
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EXAMPLE 7
1,1
If we choose r to be positive, then
r x2 y2
1 2 1 2
y
1,
x
7
or
4
4
tan
2 , and
4
7
2,
EXAMPLE 8
3,4
Solution:
r 2 x 2 y 2 3 4 25
Thus r 5 or r 5
2
Then,
y 4 4
tan
x 3 3
Symmetry Tests
SYMMETRIC
about the x axis
CONDITIONS
r ,
r ,
r,
r ,
r,
r ,
r ,
r,
r ,
( r , )
(r , )
(r , )
( r , )
( r , )
( r , )
EXAMPLE 9
r cos 2
EXAMPLE 10
1 2
A r d
2a
(a) Find the area enclosed by one loop of four petals r cos 2
Answer :
8
(b) Find the area of the region that lies inside the circle r 3 sin
r 1 sin
and outside the cardioid
Answer :
dy
dy
dt
dx dx
dt
If dy
If dy
dt
dt
If dy
0 and dx
dt
0 and dx
dt
dt
0 and dx
0
0
dt
Horizontal
Infinite slope
Vertical
Singular points
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EXAMPLE 14
(a) Find the slope of the tangent line to the unit circle
x cos t
y sin t
x t 3 sin t
y 4 3 cos t
L
a
dx
dy
dt
dt
dt
EXAMPLE 15
Find the exact arc length of the curve over the stated interval
(a) x t
(b) x cos 3t
1 3
y t
3
0 t 1
y sin 3t
0t
PARAMETRIC
REPRESENTATION FOR
A
2
R
CURVE IN
EXAMPLE 16
x t 9, y t for 3 t 2
2
1
3
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Solution:
(a )
(b)
x t 9, y t for 3 t 2
2
1
3
x 9 y2 9
EXAMPLE 17
Graph in R
0r
0 2
z
x r cos
y r sin
r x2 y2
y
tan
x
1
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EXAMPLE 30
(i ) 4, ,3
6
(ii) 7 , ,9
(i ) 7,0,
2
(ii) 5, ,
6 4
(i ) 3,0,0
2
(ii) 5, ,
4 3
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THE END =)
Success = 90% Perspiration + 10% Inspiration
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