DATABASE ACCESS

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Agenda
What to access
Why to access
How do we access

Business Data Record from RDBMS

Increasing System Performance , By accessing
required set of data Records in an internal table
for manipulation from the RDBMS
Avoid Data Loss
Using SQL Statements - Open SQL / Native
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SQL Statement

Accessing the Database

Open SQL /
Native SQL
Reading data
Changing data
Performance

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Open SQL / Native

SQL

02-Sep-09

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Open SQL Statements

DML Statements

Keyword

Function

SELECT
INSERT

Reads data from database tables

Adds lines to database tables
Changes the contents of lines of
database tables

UPDATE
MODIFY

Inserts lines into database tables or

changes the contents of existing lines

DELETE

Deletes lines from database tables

OPEN
CURSOR,
FETCH,
CLOSE
CURSOR

Reads lines of database table using the

cursor
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Reading Data From Database

SELECT <result>
INTO
FROM

<target>
<source>

[WHERE <condition>]
[GROUP BY <fields>]
[HAVING

<cond>]

[ORDER BY <fields>]

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Reading Data

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Defining Selection
Reading a Single Line :
SELECT SINGLE <cols> WHERE
Reading Several Lines :
SELECT [DISTINCT] <cols> WHERE
Reading the Whole Line :
SELECT <lines> *

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Defining Selection
Reading Aggregate Data for Columns :
SELECT <lines> <agg> ([DISTINCT] <S1>

Aggregate functions:
MAX: returns the Maximum value of the Column<Si>
MIN : returns the Minimum value of the Column <Si>
AVG : returns the average value of the Column <Si>
SUM : returns the sum value of the Column <Si>
COUNT : returns the total number of lines in the selection
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Defining Selection
INTO clause
INTO wa
INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF wa
INTO (f1,,fn)
INTO TABLE itab
INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE itab
APPENDING TABLE itab
APPENDING CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF
TABLE itab

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Defining Selection
FROM Clause
FROM dbtab [AS alias]
FROM (dbtabname)
FROM <tab> [INNER] JOIN <dbtab> ON <cond>
<options>
FROM <tab> LEFT [OUTER] JOIN <dbtab> [AS
<alias>]
ON <cond> <options>
CLIENT SPECIFIED
BYPASSING BUFFER
UPTO n ROWS

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Inner Join

02-Sep-09

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Example

SELECT a~matnr a~mtart a~matkl

b~werks b~ekgrp b~pstat
INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE itab
FROM mara as a INNER JOIN marc as b
ON a~matnr = b~matnr
UPTO 7 rows

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Defining Selection
FOR ALL ENTRIES IN itab WHERE cond
The comparison is performed for each line of the internal
table. For each line, the system selects the lines from the
database table that satisfy the condition. If <itab> is
empty, the addition FOR ALL ENTRIES is disregarded,
and all entries are read.

FOR ALL ENTRIES can be used to replace nested select

loops on internal tables to improve the performance for
large sets of selected data.
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Subqueries
SELECTSINGLE city latitude longitude

INTO(city, lati, longi)

FROMsgeocity.
SELECT DISTINCT matnr mtart
from MARA
INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS FOR ITAB.

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Inserting Lines Into Table

Inserting a Single Line
<wa>

INSERT INTO dbtab [CLIENT SPECIFIED] VALUES

( or )

INSERT <dbtab> FROM <wa>

INSERT <dbtab>
( or )
INSERT (dbtabname)

Inserting Several Lines

INSERT <dbtab> FROM TABLE itab
[ACCEPTING DUPLICATE KEYS]
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Changing Lines

Updating individual line

UPDATE <dbtab> FROM <wa>
UPDATE <dbtab>

Changing Lines Column by Column

<cond>]

UPDATE dbtab SET f1 ... fn

[WHERE

Updating several lines

UPDATE dbtab FROM TABLE itab or
UPDATE (dbtabname) FROM TABLE itab
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Modifying Lines

Modifying single line

MODIFY dbtab FROM <wa>
MODIFY dbtab

Modifying several lines

MODIFY dbtab FROM TABLE itab
MODIFY (dbtabname) FROM TABLE itab

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Deleting Lines
Deleting single line
DELETE <dbtab> FROM <wa>
DELETE dbtab

Deleting several lines

DELETE dbtab FROM TABLE itab
DELETE (dbtabname) FROM TABLE itab
DELETE FROM dbtab WHERE <cond>

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Committing Database Changes

COMMIT WORK
Concludes a database LUW and begins a new one

ROLLBACK WORK
Undoes all changes back to the start of the database LUW

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Performance
Keep the Result Set Small
Minimize the Amount of Data Transferred
Minimize the Search Overhead
Reduce the Database Load

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Minimal Data Transfer

Restrict number of lines
Restrict number of columns
Use Aggregate Functions
Specific update for certain columns

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Minimal Number of Transfers

Multiple operations
Avoid nested select
Use joins

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Minimizing Search Overhead

Primary Index
Secondary Index

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Database Load Reduction

Use Buffer
Minimize the use of statements that bypasses buffer
Sort in ABAP program

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Statements that Bypasses Buffer

The BYPASSING BUFFER addition in the FROM
clause
The DISTINCT addition in the SELECT clause
Aggregate expressions in the SELECT clause
Joins in the FROM clause
The IS NULL condition in the WHERE clause
Subqueries in the WHERE clause
The ORDER BY clause
The GROUP BY clause
The FOR UPDATE addition
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Scenario
Retrieve all the Sales orders in the current
year (eg 2004) where
Sales order is of type OR
The value of the order is more than $1000.00
The number of line items are more than 2
And the sales order does not contain material M-11

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Reference
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Discussion

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