Sight

Sight
Definition of sight
the process, power, or function of seeing; specifically : the
physical sense by which light stimuli received by the eye are
interpreted by the brain and constructed into a representation of
the position, shape, brightness, and usually color of objects in
space
Definitia vederii
Procesul, forta sau functia vederii; mai exact: simtul fizic al
vederii prin care stimulii luminii receptati de ochi sunt
interpretati de creier si formeaza o reprezentare a pozitiei,
formei, intensitatii luminii si, de obicei, a culorii obiectelor in
spatiu

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Visible light (commonly referred to simply as light) is
electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, and
is responsible for the sense of sight. Visible light has a
wavelength in the range of about 380 nanometres to about
740 nm between the invisible infrared, with longer
wavelengths and the invisible ultraviolet, with shorter
wavelengths.
Lumina vizibila (in gen. numita lumina) reprezinta radiatie
electromagnetica perceputa de catre ochiul uman, si este
responsabila de simtul vederii. Lumina vizibila are o lungime
de unda intre aprox 380 nanometrii si 740 nm adica intre
undele infrarosii si cele ultraviolete invizibile.

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Primary properties of visible light are intensity, propagation
direction, frequency or wavelength spectrum, and polarisation,
while its speed in a vacuum, 299,792,458 meters per second
(about 300,000 kilometers per second), is one of the
fundamental constants of nature. Visible light, as with all types
of electromagnetic radiation
Proprietatile primare ale luminii vizibile sunt intensitatea,
directia de propagare,frecventa sau spectrul lungimii de unda
si polarizarea, in timp ce viteza ei in vid, 299 792 458 m/s
(aprox 300 000 km/s) este una dintre constantele fundamentale
ale naturii. Lumina vizibila, cu toate tipurile de radiatii
electromagnetice

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(EMR), is experimentally found to always move at this speed
in vacuum.
In common with all types of EMR, visible light is emitted and
absorbed in tiny "packets" called photons, and exhibits
properties of both waves and particles. This property is
referred to as the waveparticle duality. The study of light,
known as optics, is an important
(REM) s-a demonstrat experimental ca se deplaseaza
intotdeauna cu aceasta viteza in vid. Cu toate tipurile de REM,
lumina vizibila este emisa si absorbita de fotoni si prezinta
proprietatile atat ale undelor cat si ale particulelor. Aceasta
proprietate se refera la dualitatea unda-particula. Studiul
luminii, cunoscut ca optica, este un important

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research area in modern physics.
In physics, the term light sometimes refers to electromagnetic
radiation of any wavelength, whether visible or not. This
discussion focuses on visible light.

Domeniu de cercetare in fizica moderna.

In fizica, termenul lumina se refera uneori la radiatia
electromagnetica de orice lungime de unda, fie ca este vizibila
sau nu. Discutia prezenta se refera la lumina vizibila.

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The Sun is Earth's primary source of light. About 44% of the sun's electromagnetic radiation that reaches the ground is
in the visible light range.

Soarele este prima sursa de lumina a Terrei. Aprox 44% din radiatia electromagnetica a soarelui, care atinge solul, este
din categoria luminii vizibile.

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Speed of visible light

The speed of light in a vacuum is defined to be exactly
299,792,458 m/s (approximately 186,282 miles per second).
The fixed value of the speed of light in SI units results from
the fact that the metre is now defined in terms of the speed of
light. All forms of electromagnetic radiation are believed to
move at exactly this same speed in vacuum.
Viteza luminii vizibile
Viteza luminii vizibile in vid se defineste a fi exact de 299 792
458 m/s (aprox 186 282 mile pe sec). Valoarea fixa a vitezei
luminii in unitati ale SI rezulta din faptul ca metrul este acum
definit in termenii vitezei luminii. Toate formele radiatiei
electromagnetice sunt considerate a se deplasa la exact aceeasi
viteza in vid.

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Different physicists have attempted to measure the speed of
light throughout history. Galileo attempted to measure the
speed of light in the seventeenth century. An early experiment
to measure the speed of light was conducted by Ole Rmer, a
Danish physicist, in 1676. Using a telescope, Rmer observed
the motions of Jupiter and one of its moons, Io.
De-a lungul timpului diferiti fizicieni au incercat sa masoare
viteza luminii. Galileo a incercat sa masoare viteza luminii in
sec XVII. O incercare timpurie de a masura viteza luminii a
fost condusa in 1676 de Ole Romer, fizician danez. Utilizand
un telescop, Romer a observat miscarea lui Jupiter si a unuia
dintre satelitii sai, Io.

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Noting discrepancies in the apparent period of Io's orbit, he
calculated that light takes about 22 minutes to traverse the
diameter of Earth's orbit. However, its size was not known at
that time. If Rmer had known the diameter of the Earth's orbit,
he would have calculated a speed of 227,000,000 m/s.
Another, more accurate, measurement of the speed of light was
performed in
Observand diferente notabile in miscarea de revolutie a
satelitului, el a calculat ca luminii ii ia aprox 22 min sa
traverseze diametrul orbitei Terrei. Oricum dimensiunea sa nu
era cunoscuta la acel moment. Daca Romer ar fi stiut diametrul
orbitei Terrei, ar fi calculat o viteza de 227 000 000 m/s.
O alta masurare, mai exacta , a vitezei luminii a fost realizata in

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Europe by Hippolyte Fizeau in 1849. Fizeau directed a beam
of light at a mirror several kilometers away. A rotating
cog wheel was placed in the path of the light beam as it
traveled from the source, to the mirror and then returned to its
origin. Fizeau found that at a certain rate of rotation, the beam
would pass through one gap in the wheel on the way out and
the next gap on the way back.
Europa de catre Fizeau in 1849. Fizeau a indreptat o raza de
lumina catre o oglinda aflata la cativa km distanta. A fost
plasata o roata zimtata in calea razei de lumina care pleca de
la sursa catre oglinda si se intorcea la sursa. Fizeau a
descoperit ca la o anumita viteza de rotatie, raza de lumina
trecea printre doi zimti si se intorcea printre urmatorii doi.

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Knowing the distance to the mirror, the number of teeth on the
wheel, and the rate of rotation, Fizeau was able to calculate the
speed of light as 313,000,000 m/s. Lon Foucault used an
experiment which used rotating mirrors to obtain a value of
298,000,000 m/s in 1862. Albert A Michelson conducted
experiments on the speed
Cunoscand distanta pana la oglinda, numarul de zimti ai rotii
si viteza de rotatie, Fizeau a putut calcula viteza luminii ca
fiind de 313 000 000m/s. Leon Foucault a realizat un
experiment care utiliza oglinzi in miscare circulara si a obtinut
o valoare de 298 000 000m/s in 1862. Albert A Michelson a
condus un experiment legat de viteza

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of light from 1877 until his death in 1931. He refined

Foucault's methods in 1926 using improved rotating mirrors to
measure the time it took light to make a round trip from
Mt. Wilson to Mt. San Antonio in California. The precise
measurements yielded a speed of 299,796,000 m/s.

luminii, incepand din 1877 si pana la moartea sa, in 1931. El a

imbunatatit metodele lui Foucault in 1926 utilizand un sistem
mai bun de oglinzi rotative pt a masura timpul necesar luminii
sa parcurga dus- intors distanta de la Mt Wilson pana la Mt
San Antonio din California. Rezultatul precis a fost de 299 796
000m/s

Electromagnetic spectrum and visible light

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Generally, EM radiation, or EMR is classified by wavelength
into radio, microwave, infrared, the visible region that we
perceive as light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. At the
lower end of the visible light spectrum, EMR becomes
invisible to humans infrared because its photons no longer
have enough individual energy to
In general, radiatiile electromagnetice (REM), sunt clasificate
in functie de lungimea de unda in radiatii radio, microunde,
infrarosii, zona vizibila pe care noi o percepem ca lumina,
ultravioletele, razele X si gamma. La nivelul inferior al
spectrului, REM devine invizibila omului deoarece fotonii
undelor infrarosii nu mai au suficienta energie sa

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cause a lasting molecular change (a change in conformation) in
the visual molecule retinal in the human retina. This change
triggers the sensation of vision. There exist animals that are
sensitive to various types of infrared. Infrared sensing in snakes
depends on a kind of natural thermal imaging, in which tiny
packets of cellular water are raised in temperature by
produca un schimb molecular durabil (o schimbare a
conformatiei) in moleculele retinei umane. Aceasta schimbare
declanseaza simtul vederii. Exista animale sensibile la diferite
tipuri de infrarosii. Acest simt, in cazul serpilor, depinde de tipul
imaginii termale naturale, in care mici cantitati de particule de
apa vor avea temperatura mai mare, modificata de

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the infrared radiation. EMR in this range causes molecular vibration
and heating effects, and this is how living animals detect it. Above
the range of visible light, ultraviolet light becomes invisible
to humans mostly because it is absorbed by the tissues of the eye and
in particular the lens.

radiatia in infrarosu. La acest nivel REM cauzeaza vibratii moleculare

si un efect termic, si asfel se explica modul in care animalele le
detecteaza. In partea superioara a spectrului luminii vizibile, lumina
ultravioleta devine invizibila oamenilor deoarece este absorbita de
tesuturile ochiului si mai ales de cristalinul ochiului uman

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Humans with natural eye lenses removed, as well as many
animals with eyes that do not require lenses (such as insects
and shrimp) are able to directly detect ultraviolet visually, in
much the same chemical way that normal humans detect
visible light.

Oamenii carora le-a fost indepartat cristalinul, ca si multe

animale ai caror ochi nu necesita cristalin (precum insectele si
crevetii), sunt in masura sa detecteze direct vizual
ultravioletele in acelasi mod chimic in care oamenii obisnuiti
detecteaza lumina vizibila.

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