.

1
2

1
1

qm1 qm 2

A1c1 A2 c2 Ac

v1
v2
v

dA dv dc

A
v
c

1 2
q h c g z wsh
2

q 0 z 0

wsh 0

1
1
1
h1 c12 h2 c22 h c 2
2
2
2

dh

1
dc 2 0
2

5---1b)

cdc vdp

 , c = 0

1 2
1 2
1 2
h0 h1 c1 h2 c2 h c
2
2
2

1 2
1 2
1 2
c pT0 c pT1 c1 c pT2 c1 c pT c
2
2
2
c12
T0 T1
T
2c p

T0
p0 p1
T1

0
1
s

pv p1v1 p2 v2

dp
dv

0
p
v

pv Rg T

(5--7)

p
2 p

v
s

ca

p
p

v
v s

ca pv RgT

c
M
ca
M<1
M >1
M =1

(5 9)

1 2
q h c g z wsh
2
1 2
dc vdp
2

cdc vdp

c2, p

dc
pv dp
ca2 dp
1 dp
2
2

c
c p
c p
M 2 p

dp
2 dc
M
p
c

( )

dp
dv

0
p
v

(5--7)

dv
1 dp
2 dc

M
v
p
c

dA dv dc

A
v
c

dA
dc
2
( M 1)
A
c

5---1b)

(5 11)

dA
dc
( M 2 1)
A
c

(8 11)

(T p c) dc > 0 )
< 1 dA < 0,
= 1 dA = 0,
> 1 dA > 0,
<1

>1

dA < 0

dA > 0

dA = 0
<1

>1

=1
dA < 0

dA > 0


(T p c) dc < 0 ,dp > 0 )

>1

<1

dA < 0

dA > 0

dA = 0
>1

<1

=1
dA < 0

dA > 0

 (dcf >
0)
dA = 0
<1

dA < 0

<1

>1

=1
dA < 0

dA > 0

( )

pcr Tcr ccr = cfcr

p
p

ca
ca
c
x

dA = 0

<1

<1

dA < 0

>1

=1
dA > 0

1 2
1 2
1 2
h0 h1 c1 h2 c2 h c
2
2
2

c2 2(h0 h)

c2 2(h0 h2 )

c2 2(h1 h2 ) c12
c1 << c2

c2 2(h1 h2 )

Rg
c2 2(h0 h2 ) 2c p (T0 T2 ) 2
(T0 T2 )
1

Rg
p2
2
T0 1
1
p0

(5 13c)

cf

c2,max

2
RgT0
1

1/4

1/2

3/4

p2/p0

Rg
p2
ccr 2
T0 1
1
p0

1
p0 v 0 p cr
= 2
1

1
p 0

ca,cr pcr vcr ccr

p
p0 v0
1 cr
1
p0

pcr vcr

pcr 2

cr

p0 1

pcr cr p0

cr
1.4
1.3
1.135

cr =0.528
cr =0.546
cr =0.577

A2 c2 Acr ccr
qm

v2
vcr
qm A2 2

p0
1 v0

p2 p2

p0
p0

p2
cr
1
p0

p2
0
1
p0

= f ( p2 )

p0

(5 15)

qm

a
0

1/2

p2/p0

3
qm p1 t1 c1 pb
( )
p = p1 pb ,
(1)

T0 1
c12
p0 p1
T0 T1
2c p
T1
(2) , .

pb
pcr
cr =

,
p0
p0

p2 pb pcr

pb
pcr
cr =

,
p0
p0

p2 pb pcr

(3)
1) ,
p2
T2
p1

v2

RgT2
p2

T1

p2
T2
p0

p1
v2 v1
p2

c2 2(h0 h2 ) 2c p (T0 T2 )
qm v2
A2
c2

T0

v1

RgT1
p1
T

0
1

M<1

1
2

2)
p2
T2
p1

v2

RgT2
p2

T1

p cr
Tcr

p1
1

p1
v2 v1
p2

pcr
T1

p0

v1

RgT1
p1

T0 cr

vcr

T0

Rg Tcr
pcr

c2 2(h0 h2 ) 2c p (T0 T2 )
ccr 2(h0 hcr ) 2c p (T0 Tcr ) RgTcr

qm v2
A2
c2
Acr Amin

qm vcr

ccr

dA = 0
<1
dA < 0

>1

=1
dA > 0

**

p1

(1)
pb pb pcr =crp0 p2 = p
pb ,
pb pb < pcr p2 = pcr ,
p = pcr pb

1
p2 = pcr

p2

pb

p2

pb > pcr
pb = pcr
pb < pcr

(2)
p1
p2d =
pb
pb pb > p2d
p2 pb
p
p pb ,
(
)

pb pb < p2d
p2 = p2d , p =
p2d- pb

a=1

p2

pb > p2

pb = p2
pb < p2

p1 T1 A2 pb
p2 T2 v2 c2 qm
(1)
cf12
T0 T1
2c p

T0
p0 p1
T1

(2) p2

pb
pcr
cr =

,
p0
p0

p2 pb pcr

pb
pcr
cr =

,
p0
p0

p2 pcr pb

(3)

1
p2
T2
p1

v2

Rg T2
p2

T1

p2
T2
p0

p1
v2 v1
p2

c2 2(h0 h2 ) 2c p (T0 T2 )
A2 c2
qm
v2

T0

v1

Rg T1
p1

1 2
1 2
h0 h1 c1 h2' c2'
2
2

c2' 2(h0 h2' )

c2'

c2

c22 2 c2'2 2 c22 c2'2

2

c22 2
c22

2
2

p2 p1

h2 h1

s2 s1

T2=T1

v
dh c p dT v T
dp
T p

dh = 0
v
T
v
T
T p
J
cp
p h

2s

J ,

v
dp < 0 T
v
T p
v

T
v 0, J 0,
T h
v

T
v 0, J 0,
T h
v

T
v 0, J 0,
T h

;
;
;

Ti,max
J > 0

J < 0

Ti,min

 p244


A2= 10 cm2
p1= 2.0 MPa t1=80 cf1=150m/s
pb=0.8 MPa,
0.96

T0=364.2K p0=2.231MPa p2=1.178 MPa

T2=303.5K v2=0.07394 m3/kg c2=349.1 m/s
qm=4.721 kg/s
c2=33.5.14 m/s T2 =308.3 K v2=0.0751 m3/kg
qm=4.462 kg/s

1
0.01MPa
0.1 0.3MPa
0.3MPa
2

f 1
(
1 2

2 g
(

p
p2

p1

f
0

1
V2

V1

V
Wsh
Wc

f 1 2 g

m 2
:
H1 c1 mgz1 Q

m 2
:
H 2 c2 mgz2 Wsh

:E=0
:

m 2
Q H c mg z Wsh
2

 Wc=
s

Wsh

Wc= sh t

Wc

Wc Vdp
1

wc = vdp
1

wc,s vdp
RgT1
1

wc,n vdp
RgT1
1

n 1

wc,T

p2
1

p1

n 1

n
p2

p1

v2
p2
RgT ln Rg T ln
v1
p1

p v T-s

p2

p
g

2T

2n

2s

2s

p2

p1

2n
2T

p1

wc , s wc ,n wc ,T

T2 s T2 n T2T

2"

p2 "

p
g

2'

3'

p2 '

g 3

p2

4
0 Vc

V4

V1

1 4
h 1

f
0

4'

Vc

V
Vh

 n12 n43=n

Wc,n 12gf1-43gf4

Wc,n

p2
n

p1V1
p1
n 1

n 1
n

Wc,n

p2
n

p1 (V1 V4 )
p1
n 1

Wc ,n

p3
n

1
p4V4

n 1 p4

p2
n

mRgT1
p1
n 1

n 1
n

n 1
n

p2
n

1
p1V

n 1 p1

n 1
n

n 1
n

p2
n

wc,n
RgT1
p1
n 1

n 1
n

wc , s h2 h1 j 2T 2s mj

w h2' h1 j 2T 2 ' nj
'
c

wc' wc , s h2' h2 2 ' 2s mn2 '

c , s

wc , s

wc'

h2' h1

h2s h1

w
'
c

h2' h1

wc , s

c , s

h2s h1

c , s

h2s h1

c , s

c , s

wc , s
'
c,s

T2' T1

T2s T1
T2' T1

T2s T1

c , s

'
c,s

wc , s

c , s

T2s T1

c , s


T2=T1 ,

wC wC,L +wC,H

p2
n

RgT1
p1
n 1

p2
n

wC
RgT1
p1
n 1

dwC
0
dp2

p2

n 1
n

n 1
n

p3

p2

p3
n

1
RgT2'

n 1 p2

n 1
n

p1 p3

p2 p3

p1 p2

n 1
n

 m
pm
pm 1
p2 p3 p4

p1 p2 p3
pm 1
pm

i m pm1 p1
wC1 wC2 =wC3 = =wCm
m

RgT1 (
n 1

n
wC wci m
RgT1 (
n 1
i 1

n 1
n

1)

n 1
n

1)


( l

(2

(3)

p243

0 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
1

2
(1)

(2)
(3)

(4)

p v T s

q1 cv (T3 T2 )

q2 cv (T4 T1 )

wnet q1 q2 w34 w21

s
v

wnet
q2
T4 T1
t
1 1
q1
q1
T3 T2
T1 T4 T1 1
1
1
1
T2 T3 T2 1
T2 T1

t 1

v
1
v2

5 ~ 10

1
0 1
1 2 2
2 3 4

4 5
5 1

2
(1)

(2)
(3)

(4)

p v T s

q1 cv (T3 T2 ) c p (T4 T3 )

q2 cv (T5 T1 )

wnet q1 q2 w345 w21

5
s
v

wnet
q2
cv (T5 T1 )
t
1 1
q1
q1
cv (T3 T2 ) c p (T4 T3 )

T
p

v 3

v1

v2

v4
v3

p3
p2

5
s

1
t 1 1
[( 1) ( 1)]

3
0 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
1

p v T s

q1 c p (T3 T2 )

q2 cv (T4 T1 )

wnet q1 q2 w234 w21

wnet
q2
cv (T4 T1 )
t
1 1
q1
q1
c p (T3 T2 )

1
t 1 1
( 1)

3
p

4
s

1 q1
23562= 223562= 23562=q1
14561< 14561 < 14561

q2V q2Vp q2p

t 1

q2
q1

t 1

tV tVp tp

T2
T1

2 pmax Tmax
q1
23652> 23652> 23652

q1V q1Vp q1p

q2
t 1
q1

T2
t 1
T1

tV tVp tp

2
Brayton Cycle)
q
p3,T3

p2,T2

wT

wc

p1,T1

p4,T4
q2

 p v T s
p
f

p
s

s
e

4
1

2
v

1
m

q1 h3 h2 cp (T3 T2 )

q2 h4 h1 cp (T4 T1 )

s
n

wT h3 h4 cp (T3 T4 )

wC h2 h1 cp (T2 T1 )

wnet q1 q2 wT wC

2
2
2

1
m

T4
1

cp (T4 T1 )
q2
T1 T1
t 1 1
1
q1
cp (T3 T2 )
T2 T3
1

T2
T1
1
t 1 1 1
T2

s
n

wnet

wnet wT wC (h3 h2 ) (h2 h1 ) cp (T3 T4 ) cp (T2 T1 )

T3 T4 T2
T3 T4 T3 T2
cpT1 ( 1) cpT1 (
1)
T1 T1 T1
T1 T3 T1 T1

T3

T1

wnet cpT1 (

wnet f ( )

1)

dwnet

0
d

wnet, max

2( 1)

wnet,max cpT1 ( 1)

'
wT
T
wT
wT' h3 h4' T (h3 h4' )

1
w h2' h1
(h2 h2 )
C,s

2
1

s
m

'
C

q h3 h2' cp (T3 T2' )

(T2 T1 )
T2' T1
C,s

q h4' h1 cp (T4' T1 )

T4' T3 T (T3 T4 )

'
1

'
2

'
wnet
q1' q2' wT' wC'

'
wnet
i ' =f ( , )
q1

(10 21)

( p289 10-21)

1
p6,T6

p3,T3

p2,T2

p5,T5

wc

wT
p1,T1

p4,T4

p6,T6
p2,T2

p3,T3
p5,T5

wc

5
4

2
wT
p4,T4

p1,T1

6
s

1
e

h7 h2

h4 h6

p244

1
T

wT

q1

2
wp
4

q2

4
3

q1 h1 h4

q2 h2 h3
wT h1 h2

wP h4 h3
v4 ( p4 p3 )

4
3

wnet q1 q2
q2

1
q1
q1
q1
wP = wT ,
wT
q1 h1 h3
t
q1

s2 s1
s2 s2'
x2
s2" s2'
h2 h2' (h2" h2' ) x2

T
1

(1) t1 t

T2
t 1
T1

1a

3 (4)

2 2a

t1 , T 1, T 2, t , x2 .

(2) p1 t
T

T2
t 1
T1

1a

4
3 (2)

2a 2

p1 , T 1, T 2, t , x2 .

(3) p t
T

T2
t 1
T1

3
3a

2
2a

p2 , t2 , T 2 , T 1, t , x2 .

wT,act
wT

h1 h2,act
h1 h2s

T 0.85 ~ 0.92
4

h2,act h1 T (h1 h2s )

x2,act

h2,act h2'
h2" h2'

3 (2)

2s 2act

s2,act s2' ( s2" s2' ) x2,act

s12,act s1 s2,act sg

q1 h1 h4
q2 h2,act h3

T
1

wT,act h1 h2,act
wT,act T wT T (h1 h2s )

q1 h1 h3

wP 0
q2 wT,act
t 1
q1
q1

4
3 (2)

i T0 sg T0 ( s1 s2,act ) T0 ( s2 s2,act )

2s 2act

5
d:

m
1
d

Wnet wnet

kg/J, kg/kJ

kg/(kW.h)

T2
t 1
T1

2
(1)
(2)

T2
t 1
T1

(1)
1
S

a
b

b
2
4

3 (2)

T
1

q1 (h1 h3 ) (ha hb )

wnet (h1 hb ) (ha h2 )

a
b

4
3 (2)

wnet (h1 hb ) (ha h2 )

t

q1
(h1 h3 ) (ha hb )

(b )

(2)
kg

T2
t 1
T1

T
1

01

01

kg

01

01

kg
(1 ) kg

3 (2)

(1 ) kg

h01

h01 (1 )h4 h0'

h0' h4
1

h01 h4

h0' h3
1

h01 h3

q1 h1 h0'

h0' h2'
1

h01

(1 )h4

h01 h2'

q2 (1 )(h2 h3 )

wnet wT (h1 h01 ) (1 )(h01 h2 )

wnet (h1 h01 ) (1 )(h01 h2 )

q2
t

1
q1
h1 h0'
q1
1

t 1

Q fa
Q23

t 1

Q fa Q51
Q23

1
q1

wc
4

q2

1
s

2'

q2 h1 h4 h1 h3

wC h2 h1

q2 h1 h4

wC h2 h1

T
3

4s 4

wC h2' h1
'

i T0 ( s2' s1 ) T0 ( s2' s2 )

i T0 ( s4 s3 )

q ' s4 s4 s

q1
3

wc

q2

1
s

q1 h2 h3

wC h2 h1

1
s

q1 h2 h3
'

wC h2 h1


lg p
3

T2
1
T1

( )
1.
2.
3. ( )

( )
1.

2.

3.

4.
a)

4.
b)

()

a)

b)

c d e f)

Ah1 (tf1 t w1 )
A

(tw1 tw2 )

Ah2 (t w2 tf2 )

(tf1 tf2 )

kAt
1

h1 A A h2 A
k

(tf1 tf2 )

1
1
d2
1

ln
h1 A1 2 L d1 h2 A2
A2 (tf1 tf2 )

kA2 t
A2
A2
d2 1

ln
h1 A1 2 L d1 h2

1
d2
d2 d2 1

ln
h1d1 2 d1 h2


h2 A2' ( tw2 tf2 ) tw2 tf2

'
h2 A2 (tw2 tf2 ) tw2 tf2

h2 A2" (t w2 tf2 ) h2 A2' (tw2 tf2 )

h2 ( A2" A2' )(t w2 tf2 )
h2 A20 (t w2 tf2 )
t w2 tf2

1
h2 A20

A2" A2'
0
A2

tf1 tf2

k1 A1t k2 A2 t
1

h1 A1 A1 h2 A20

kAtm

t2 t1
tm
t2
ln
t1

kAtm

qm1c1 (t1' t1" ) qm 2c2 (t2" t2' )

8 3 8
5

t1' t1" t2' t2" qm1 qm 2 A

1
2

 232
tm
kAtm
Rk