ANATOMI FISIOLOGI

TUBUH MANUSIA

Aa Juhanda, M.Pd
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SUKABUMI
2014

An Introduction
to the Human
Body
Aa Juhanda, M.Pd
Rujukan:
- Kurnadi, K. A. (1988). Dasar-Dasar Anatomi dan Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia I. Pendidikan
Biologi UPI Bandung.
- Putz, R., Pabst, R., sobotta, J. (2006 ). Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy. Munich:
Elsevier

Anatomy and Physiology

Human Anatomy is the study of the structure

and organization of the and its parts. There
are two subdivisions of the anatomy: gross
anatomy and microanatomy/histology
Human physiology is the study of the function
of the body and its part.

An Introduction to the Human

Body

Six levels of structural organization

1.

Chemical level (atoms to molecules)

2.

Cellular level (molecules are organized into cells)

3.

Tissue level (groups of similar cells work together)

4.

Organ level (two or more tissues become an organ)

5.

System level (related organs with common functions)

6.

Organismal level (all of the cells, tissues, and organ systems

become a human being)

The Six Levels of Structural

Organization

Integumentary System

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Nervous System

Endocrine System

Cardiovascular System

Lymphatic System and Immunity

Respiratory System

Copyright 2010, John Wiley &

Sons, Inc.

Digestive System

Urinary System

Reproductive Systems

Basic Processes of Living

Systems

Life differs from nonliving matter in these ways:

Metabolism - all of the chemical processes of life

Responsiveness - living systems detect and

respond to changes in their environments

Movement - cells, organs, and/or bodies move

Growth - cells, organs, and bodies all grow

Differentiation - the process of cellular specialization

Reproduction - both cells and organisms make copies of

themselves

Homeostasis A Fundamental
Pattern Found in All Living
Systems
Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively constant
conditions inside the body

First described by Claude Bernard in 1865, the term was coined

by Walter Cannon in the early 1900s

Although conditions within the body are stable, this is a result of

many dynamic processes that constantly adjust internal activities
to match changing needs

Some examples of stable conditions are blood glucose, body

temperature, and blood pressure

Body Fluids - A Key Focus for

Homeostasis
The volume and composition of the various fluids
within our bodies are carefully regulated

Our body fluids include:

Intracellular fluid - the fluid inside our cells

Extracellular fluid all body fluids other than the ones inside our
cells. Can be subdivided according to location:

Interstitial fluid - the fluid between cells in tissues

Plasma - the fluid component of blood

Lymph - the fluid in our lymphatic vessels

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - the fluid within the CNS

Synovial fluid - the fluid within most joints

Homeostasis - Restoring
Balance to the Body

Feedback systems control our internal environment

Negative feedback systems act to stabilize the body in the face of

changing external and internal conditions. These systems cause
an opposite response to the initial change, and so are selflimiting.
Positive feedback systems are important in specific situations,
when a very rapid or very strong effect is desired. Unlike negative
feedback, here the response is the same as that caused by the
initial change.
An outside event must break the positive feedback cycle.

Negative Feedback Systems

Three essential components

receptor - detects changes in controlled conditions

control center - decides the type and amount of response
required
effector - reacts to signals from the control center and
produces the required response

The term negative feedback is used because the

response is opposite in direction to the original change

Operation
of a
Feedback
System

Blood Pressure Regulation:

Homeostatic Regulation by
Negative Feedback

Three essential components

baroreceptors - detect changes in blood pressure and

communicate with the brain
the brain - interprets information and sends signals to the heart
and blood vessels
heart and blood vessels - alter their activities based on signals
from the brain

Resulting in the blood pressure being restored to

normal

Blood
Pressure
Regulation

Positive Feedback

A stimulus causes a response that reinforces the effect of

the stimulus

A positive feedback cycle must be stopped or limited by

some event or condition outside of the cycle

Positive
Feedback
Control of
Labor

Describing the Human Body

A set of standard terms is used to make descriptions of

the body more easily understood

Anatomical position - a reference position for the body

Body regions - a set of terms for body regions derived from Latin
and Greek are commonly used in Anatomy and Medicine

Directional terms - these terms describe locations (on or within

the body) relative to one another

Planes and sections - these terms help to describe internal

locations within the body or within an organ along defined cuts.

Body cavities - internal spaces within the body where many

organs are found, and where much of physiology happens

Anatomical Position - The

Standard Reference
Position for All of Anatomy

Directional Terms

Planes and Sections of the

Body

A way to describe internal body locations

Sagittal plane

Midsagittal (or medial) plane

Parasagittal planes

Frontal (or coronal) plane

Transverse plane

A section is a view of the body cut along one of the

specific planes

Planes
Through the
Human Body

Planes and Sections of the

Brain
The
complexity of the brain shows the usefulness of planes and sections

Body Cavities

Major internal body spaces

Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

Body Cavities

Body Cavity

Serous Membranes

Double-walled tissue membranes surround many

internal organs and line the body cavities in which
the organs are located.
Major examples include:

Pleura

Pericardium

Peritoneum

Serous Membranes

Serous Membranes

Two Different Systems Exist

for Describing Locations
within the Abdominopelvic
Cavity