Chapter 5

Steam Engine, Steam
and Gas Turbines
Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Copyright2013DorlingKindersley(India)Pvt.Ltd.
Chapter 5
Steam power system is a system in which the heat energy of

the steam is used to produce mechanical power.
Various types of fuels (coal, diesel, natural gas, geothermal,
nuclear, etc.) are used to produce the high quality of steam,
i.e., superheated steam and then the thermodynamic
expansion process is used to convert the heat energy of the
steam into mechanical power.
The steam engine was developed by James Watt in 1763
after that steam turbines, gas turbines, and I.C. engines came
into picture.

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Steam Power System
A
steam
engine
is
a
reciprocating heat engine that
performs mechanical work by
using steam as its working
uid.
Steam engines are external
combustion engines based on
modied Rankine cycle, where
the working uid is separate
from the combustion products.

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Steam Engines
Modified Rankine Cycle

by Dr Pravin Kumar

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Modified Rankine Cycle: Theoretical

Indicator Diagram
Mean effective pressure
Mean effective pressure with

clearance volume

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Actual Indicator Diagram
Work done per cycle with clearance volume

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Work done per cycle
Four processes in
cycle
o Process 12
Process)
o Process 23
Process)
o Process 34
Process)
o Process 41
Process)
the Rankine
(Pumping
(Heating
(Expansion
(Condensation

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Rankine Cycle
Steam turbine is a prime mover,

which converts heat energy of
steam into mechanical energy
by rotating motion of the blade.
Total
energy
conversion
involves two types of steam
expansionexpansion of steam
in nozzle and expansion of
steam in turbine blades.
Classification of Steam
Turbine
1. Impulse turbine.
2. Impulse-reaction turbine.

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Steam Turbine
Impulse Turbine
1. Pressure drops occur only in
nozzles.
2. It has constant blade channel
area.
3. It has profile type blades.
4. It can be used for small
power development.
5. It has lower efficiency due to
high losses.
Reaction Turbine
1. Pressure drops occur in
moving blades as well as fixed
blades.
2. It has varying blade
channel area.
3. It has aerofoil blade crosssection.
4.
A
considerable
power
developed is possible.
5. It has higher efficiency than
that of impulse turbines.

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Difference Between Impulse and

Reaction Turbine
where Fdt is impulse and d

(mv) is change in momentum.

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Impulse Turbine (de-Laval Turbine)
Working of Impulse Turbine

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Blade Friction Factor:
Energy loss due to friction in blade
Tangential Thrust
Axial Thrust
Blade Work or Diagram Work

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Blade or diagram efciency
Maximum blade efciency and optimum velocity ratio

by Dr Pravin Kumar
If steam at very high pressure is allowed to expand in

single stage of turbine, the blade velocity will be too high.
Such a high rotational speed cannot be used properly and
also there will be velocity loss at the exit of the blade due
to high exit velocity of steam. Therefore, to overcome
these difculties, the turbine is compounded or staged. In
compounded turbines, steam is made to expand in
number of stages instead of single stage .
1. Pressure compounding or Reteau staging.
2. Velocity compounding or Curtis staging.
3. Pressurevelocity compounding.

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Compounding of Impulse Turbine
Pressure compounding is splitting of whole pressure drop

of steam from steam chest pressure to condenser
pressure into series of small pressure drops across
several stages of impulse turbine.

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Pressure Compounding or Reteau

Staging
by Dr Pravin Kumar
In this compounding, whole

pressure drop takes place in
nozzle (only one row) and
remains constant in xed and
moving blades. Velocity of
steam remains constant in xed
blades and decreases in moving
blades.

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Velocity Compounding or Curtis Stages
by Dr Pravin Kumar
It is combination of pressure compounding and velocity

compounding. There are two rotors and only two rows of
moving blades are attached on each rotor because two
row wheels are more efcient than three row wheels. The
steam on passing through each row of moving blades
reduces its velocity but pressure remains constant during
passing through these blades.

by Dr Pravin Kumar
PressureVelocity Compounding
by Dr Pravin Kumar
If steam expands both in nozzle as well as in blades of

turbine, i.e., pressure at inlet of the turbine is more than that
of outlet, it is known as impulse-reaction turbine.
In this case, expansion of steam in nozzle creates impulse
on blades and reaction due to minor expansion of steam
during passing through moving blades.
The small drop in pressure of steam in the moving blades
gives back pressure to the moving blades in the direction
opposite to the velocity.
In this turbine, there are stages of xed blades and moving
blades; xed blades act as nozzles that create an impact on
the moving blades by reducing the pressure and increasing
the velocity.

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Impulses-reaction Turbine (Reaction

Turbine)
Degree of Reaction (R)
Reheat Factor

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Diagram efciency of blades

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Velocity Diagram for Reaction Turbine
Throttle governing.
Nozzle control governing.
By-pass governing.

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Governing of Steam Turbines
Gas turbine is a rotating type prime mover which converts

heat energy of gas/air (at high pressure and temperature)
into mechanical work.
The principle of operation is based on Newtons Second
Law of Motion. The motive power is obtained by the change
in momentum of high-velocity jet impinge on curved blades
of the turbine.
A simple gas turbine consists of
o Compressor
o Combustion chamber
o Turbine

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Gas Turbines
On the basis of thermodynamic cycle, there are two types of

gas turbines:
1. Constant pressure cycle, i.e., Joule or Brayton cycle
Heat addition and rejection are done at constant
pressure.
2. Atkinson cycleHeat addition at constant volume and
rejection at constant pressure.
On the basis of path of the working uid, gas turbine can be
classied as
1. Open cycle gas turbineWorking uid enters from
atmosphere and exhausts to atmosphere. It works similar
to I.C. engine.
2. Closed cycle gas turbineWorking uid is conned
within the plant and recirculated. The working is very
similar to external combustion engines.

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Classification of Gas Turbine
by Dr Pravin Kumar
Process
12:
Isentropic
compression in the compressor thus
raising pressure and temperature
from P1, T1 to P2, T2.
Process 23: Addition of heat at
constant
pressure
raising
temperature from T2 to T3.
Process 34: Isentropic expansion
of air from high pressure and
temperature to low pressure and
temperature and thus doing work.
Process 41: Rejection of heat at
constant pressure to restore the
original state of air.

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Joule or Brayton Cycle
Actual Brayton Cycle

by Dr Pravin Kumar

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Optimum Pressure Ratio for

Maximum Specific Output

by Dr Pravin Kumar
Thank You.

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Steam Engine, Steam

and Gas Turbines

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Steam power system is a system in which the heat energy of

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Steam Power System

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Modified Rankine Cycle

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Modified Rankine Cycle: Theoretical

Mean effective pressure

Mean effective pressure with

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Actual Indicator Diagram

Work done per cycle with clearance volume

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Work done per cycle

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Steam turbine is a prime mover,

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Difference Between Impulse and

where Fdt is impulse and d

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Impulse Turbine (de-Laval Turbine)

Working of Impulse Turbine

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Blade Friction Factor:

Energy loss due to friction in blade

Blade Work or Diagram Work

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Blade or diagram efciency

Maximum blade efciency and optimum velocity ratio

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

If steam at very high pressure is allowed to expand in

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Compounding of Impulse Turbine

Pressure compounding is splitting of whole pressure drop

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Pressure Compounding or Reteau

In this compounding, whole

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Velocity Compounding or Curtis Stages

It is combination of pressure compounding and velocity

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

If steam expands both in nozzle as well as in blades of

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Impulses-reaction Turbine (Reaction

Degree of Reaction (R)

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Diagram efciency of blades

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Velocity Diagram for Reaction Turbine

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Governing of Steam Turbines

Gas turbine is a rotating type prime mover which converts

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

On the basis of thermodynamic cycle, there are two types of

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Classification of Gas Turbine

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition

Joule or Brayton Cycle