Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Copyright 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Learning Objectives
8-2
8-3
LO8-1
8-4
LO8-1
EXAMPLE:
A population consists of 845 employees of Nitra Industries. A sample
of 52 employees will be selected from that population. The name of
each employee is written on a small slip of paper and all slips are
deposited in a box. After they have been thoroughly mixed, the first
selection is made by drawing a slip out of the box without looking at it.
This process is repeated until the sample of 52 employees is chosen.
Note: This process is sampling without replacement, so the
probability of each selection changes: 1/845, 1/844, 1/843, etc.
When the population is large, the difference in the probabilities is very
small. In this case, the probability for each of the 52 selections is
about 0.001.
8-5
LO8-1
8-6
LO8-1
8-7
LO8-1
8-8
LO8-1
EXAMPLE:
A population consists of 845 employees of Nitra Industries. A sample
of 52 employees will be selected from that population.
First, k is calculated as the population size divided by the sample
size. For Nitra Industries, we would select every 16th (845/52)
employee list. If k is not a whole number, then round down. Random
sampling is used in the selection of the first name. Then, select every
16th name on the list thereafter.
8-9
LO8-1
8-10
8-11
LO8-1
Cluster Sampling
CLUSTER SAMPLING A population is divided into clusters using
naturally occurring geographic or other boundaries. Then, clusters are
randomly selected and a sample is collected by randomly selecting
from each cluster.
EXAMPLE:
Suppose you want to determine the views
of residents in the greater Chicago,
Illinois, metropolitan area about state and
federal environmental protection policies.
You can employ cluster sampling by
subdividing the region into small units,
perhaps by counties. These are often
called primary units.
Of the twelve
counties, you randomly select three: La
Porte, Cook, and Kenosha. Next you
select a random sample of residents in
each of these counties.
8-12
Sampling Error
By definition, sampling is used to calculate sample
statistics which are estimates of population parameters.
So there will always be a difference (usually an
unknown difference) between the sample statistic and
the population parameter. This difference is called
sampling error.
Examples:
X
s
s
2
p
8-13
8-14
LO8-3
8-15
LO8-3
LO8-3
(x )2
0.70
N
8-17
LO8-3
8-18
LO8-3
8-19
LO8-3
0.70
0.49
n
2
8-20
LO8-3
LO8-4
8-23
LO8-4
8-24
LO8-4
25 Samples of 20 Employees
8-25
8-26
LO8-5
8-27
LO8-5
8-28
LO8-5
8-29
LO8-5