Structural

Geology
Earthquakes

Brittle deformation: fault or fault system

Earthquake: sudden movement on fault

Earthquake: direct evidence of plate

tectonics

Earthquake: direct evidence of tectonic

Earthquake: ___________ and __________

Earthquake: damage related to depth

Settings (not geography): major US earthquakes

CA, Charleston 1886, New Madrid 1812, AK 1964

Earthquake: cyclic, stress builds up

Earthquake: seismic waves (body/surface)

Earthquake:
seismic waves
body
P-waves

Earthquake:
seismic waves
body
S-waves

Earthquake:
seismic waves
Flash 10.2

Earthquake: seismic wavessurface

Rayleigh and Love

Earthquake:
seismic
wavessurface
Rayleigh
Love

Earthquake: detecting seismic waves

Earthquake:
detecting seismic
waves
Seismograph

Earthquake:
Flash 10.3

Earthquake:
detecting seismic
waves
P-waves faster
than S-waves
which are faster
than surface waves

Earthquake: locating the epicenter:

triangulation

Earthquake: judging strengthmagnitude

Richter, 1935

Earthquake: judging strength

Seismic-moment magnitude scale

seismic moment =
(the amount of slip) X (length of rupture)
X (depth of rupture) X (rock strength)

Earthquake: judging strength intensity

scale Mercalli 1902 (285)

Earthquake:
Primary effects
Ground motion
Surface waves
Rayleigh & Love
-each step in
magnitude equates
to 10X ground
motion

Ground motion depends on substrate

Earthquake: Ground motion

Earthquake: Ground motion

Fasad- shit to make buildings

pretty, falls off during
earthquake

Earthquake: Ground motion

Earthquake proof buildings

Work for love

waves not rolly
waves

Earthquake: Ground motion

Earthquake:
Ground
motion
soil
liquification

Earthquake: Secondary effects fire

Earthquake: Secondary effects fire

Earthquake: Secondary effects fire

Earthquake: Secondary effects tsunami

Earthquake: Secondary effects tsunami

Earthquake: Secondary effects tsunami

Sumatra-Andaman earthquake 12/26/04
Boxing Day Tsunami 275,000 deaths

Earthquake: Secondary effects tsunami

Sumatra-Andaman earthquake 12/26/04

9.0-9.3 Richter magnitude, 30 km (19 mi)
below sea floor, lasted 10 minutes!
1200 km (750 mi) fault slipped 15 m (50 ft)
generated tsunami with 30 m (100 ft) waves!
Caused deaths 8,000 km (5,000 mi) away!

Earthquake: Secondary effects tsunami

-moves at 600-800 km/hr.

Earthquake: Secondary effects tsunami

Earthquake: Prediction
fault recognition

Earthquake: Prediction
evidence of previous earthquakes

Earthquake: Prediction
evidence of previous earthquakes

Earthquake: Prediction
recognition of _____________

Earthquake:
Prediction
recognition of
________________
recognition of
________________

Earthquake: Prediction
recognition of ________________
-tilting ground surface
-increases in radon levels
-changes in well-water levels
-changes in geyser activity
-anomalous animal behavior

QUESTIONS?