Microbial growth kinetics deals with the rate of cell growth and is important for fermentation system design. A batch system is a closed system where nutrients are fixed and depleted over time. The main stages of microbial growth in a batch system are lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase. During the lag phase, cell number does not increase as cells adapt to their environment. Exponential phase is characterized by rapid, exponential cell growth. Stationary phase occurs when growth stops due to nutrient depletion or toxic buildup, and cell density remains constant. In death phase, cell activities decrease and cells may die or lyse. Primary metabolites produced during growth phases serve essential cellular functions, while secondary metabolites produced in stationary phase generally do
Microbial growth kinetics deals with the rate of cell growth and is important for fermentation system design. A batch system is a closed system where nutrients are fixed and depleted over time. The main stages of microbial growth in a batch system are lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase. During the lag phase, cell number does not increase as cells adapt to their environment. Exponential phase is characterized by rapid, exponential cell growth. Stationary phase occurs when growth stops due to nutrient depletion or toxic buildup, and cell density remains constant. In death phase, cell activities decrease and cells may die or lyse. Primary metabolites produced during growth phases serve essential cellular functions, while secondary metabolites produced in stationary phase generally do
Microbial growth kinetics deals with the rate of cell growth and is important for fermentation system design. A batch system is a closed system where nutrients are fixed and depleted over time. The main stages of microbial growth in a batch system are lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase. During the lag phase, cell number does not increase as cells adapt to their environment. Exponential phase is characterized by rapid, exponential cell growth. Stationary phase occurs when growth stops due to nutrient depletion or toxic buildup, and cell density remains constant. In death phase, cell activities decrease and cells may die or lyse. Primary metabolites produced during growth phases serve essential cellular functions, while secondary metabolites produced in stationary phase generally do
important for the design and operation of fermentation systems employing them
An ideal culture for fermentation should (be):
1. pure. 2. grow and reproduce quickly. 3. genetically stable yet easy to manipulation for better performance. 4. produce uniform product in a short time. 5. not produce undesirable by-products. 6. have a protective mechanism against other undesirable contaminants.
BATCH SYSTEM
close system, without any inlet or outlet
streams nutrients are fixed amount limited The inocula are transferred, then gradually grow and replicate As the cell propagates, the nutrients are depleted and end products are formed Main stages of a growth curve: lag, exponential, stationary & death phases
Cell growth curve
this description refers to
the behaviour of both unicellular and mycelial (filamentous) organisms in batch culture
The growth of mycelial
resulting in the exponential addition of viable biomass to the mycelial body rather than the production of separate, discrete unicells.
Lag phase
the cell number does not increase
the cells may grow in size duration of time for adaptation of microorganisms to the new environment, without much cell replication and with no sign of growth. shock to the environment when there is no acclimation period
Length of lag phase inoculum (concentration, type,
age), medium composition, fermentation conditions
i) size of the inoculum
If a small amount of cells are inoculated into a large volume a long lag phase. ii) medium Transfer microorganisms from a low nutrient to high concentration long lag period, because the cells must produce the enzymes necessary for themetabolization of the available nutrients. If they are moved from ahigh to a low nutrient concentration short lag phase
Short lag phase
Excessive lag phase unproductive Minimize lag phase period: 1. the composition of the medium and the environmental conditions in the seed culture and the production vessel are identical 2. the dilution shock is small (i.e. a large amount of inoculum is used) 3. the cells in the inoculum are in the late exponential phase of growth.
Exponential phase The stages: i) Accelerated growth phase: The cell number starts to
increase and the division rate increases to reach a
maximum sometimes included as part of lag phase ii) Exponential growth phase: The cell number increases exponentially as the cells start to divide Plotting the linear increase growth in semi-log graph shown a constant slope Slope representing a constant rate of cell population ii) Decelerated growth phase: After the growth rate reaches a maximum, it is followed by the deceleration of both growth rate and the division rate Primary metabolism products in tropophase periode
Stationary phase
The cell population will reach a maximum value
will not increase any further growth rate zero cell density remains constant The growth of microbial populations is normally limited either by the exhaustion of available nutrients or by the accumulation of toxic products of metabolism the rate of growth declines and growth eventually stops The transition between the exponential phase and the stationary phase involves a period of unbalanced growth during which the various cellular components are synthesized at unequal rates. Consequently, cells in the stationary phase have a chemical composition different from that of cells in the exponential phase
However, in this phase metabolisms are
still active Produce compounds are not synthesized during tropophase (exp. Phase) secondary metabolism, no obvious function in cell metabolism idiophase employ primary products as raw material very few microorganism species; not all
Death phase
activities of the cell gradually decrease as they age
In the end of stationary phase cell may start to die Death occurs either because of the depletion of the cellular reserves of energy, or the accumulation of toxic products deactivating remaining cells the cell growth rate balances the death rate. In some cases, the organisms not only die but also disintegrate, a process called lysis. a death phase develops while the cell density drastically drops if the toxic secondary metabolites are present exponential decrease in the number of living cells in the media while nutrients are depleted.
MICROBIAL METABOLITES
Metabolism the sum of all the biochemical
reactions carried out by an organism. The kinetic description of batch culture may be rather misleading when considering the productforming capacity of the culture during the various phases BuLock proposed a descriptive terminology of the behaviour of microbial cells which considered the type of metabolism rather than the kinetics of growth Tropophase & iodophase
Tropophase
describes the log or exponential phase of a culture
which the sole products of metabolism are either essential to growth, development, and reproduction essential for survive (such as amino acids, nucleotides, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates) It usually performs a physiological function in the organism (i.e. an intrinsic function) Or are the by-products of energy-yielding metabolism such as ethanol, acetone and butanol. The metabolites produced during the trophophase are referred to as primary metabolites.
Idiophase
products which do not have
an obvious role in cell metabolism. The metabolites produced during the idiophase are referred to as the secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are produced when the cell is not operating under optimum conditionse., when primary nutrient source is depleted. Secondary metabolites tend to be synthesized from the intermediates and endproducts of primary metabolism.
Secondary metabolites are
synthesized for a finite period by cells that are no longer undergoing balanced growth Although the primary metabolic routes are common to the vast majority of microorganisms, each secondary metabolite would be synthesized by very few microbial taxa not all microbial taxa undergo secondary metabolism; it is a common feature of the filamentous fungi and bacteria
Although taxonomic distribution
of secondary metabolism is far more limited than that of primary metabolism, the range of secondary products produced is enormous It is sometimes difficult to categorize a product as primary or secondary, and the kinetics of production of certain compounds may change, depending on the growth conditions employed
The inter-relationships between
primary and secondary metabolism
3 major product of secondary metabolism categories:
alkaloids, essential oil and glycosides 1. Alkaloids: N-containinng compound used as phaarmaceutical industries E.g: codein, nicotine, caffeine, morphine 2. Essential oil mixtures of terpenoid used as flavorents, fragrance and solvents 3. Glycosides includes phenolics, tannins & flavonoid, saponins, & cyanogenic glycosides used as dye, flavors, pharmaceuticals etc.