US HISTORY HONORS

Chapter 5

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

$52 Million in Debt

No navy
Small army
Little respect in the World

1789- George Washington is unanimously

elected as the president
John Adams is elected as vice president
Very Small executive branch
Washington, as our 1st president, set many
precedents- traditions to be followed

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Judiciary Act of 1789- Established a judiciary

Established the office of attorney general to prosecute

and defend cases on behalf of the United States

John Jay- 1st chief justice of the Supreme Court

Washington created the formation of the cabinet

Heads of different department that advise the

President

Sec. of State: Thomas Jefferson

Sec. of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Sec. of War: Henry Knox
Attorney General: Edmund Randolph
Nominated by the President and approved by the Senate

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Addressing the Nations debt

Hamilton wanted a more commercial and industrial

economy
Saw Debt as an asset
Wanted to sell government bonds
Wanted new excise taxes and high tariffs
Raise money and protect struggling American industry
Charter a bank of the United States
Establish the nations credit
Political support from the wealthy
Enrich investors
Pay debts from the war in full

All of this meant taxes

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

South is against Hamiltons plan

Hamilton used implied powers from the
Constitution

Broad/loose construction

Jefferson and Madison

Strict construction
Limiting federal powers
Argued Constitution did not authorize
Congress to charter a national bank

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

1791- Congress approved full funding of

the federal debt, excise taxes, and the
creation of a national bank

Hamilton promised to move the capital to the

Potomac River
Washington D.C.

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Whiskey tax/ rebellion

1794- farmers resisted the tax by intimidating
and attacking tax collectors
12,000 militia men marched to stop the
rebellion

Most rebels ran away

Only 2 convicted

Federalists blamed the Whiskey Rebellion on

democratic societies
Madison and Jefferson defended them
Alarmed Washington sent so many troops

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Political parties- groups of people who

seek to win elections and hold public
office in order to shape government
Federalists: Hamilton and Adams
Democratic Republicans: Jefferson and
Madison

Aka: Republicans

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Northerners: Merchants/ artisans tend to

favor the federalists
Southerners/farmers: republicans
In the beginning it was mostly Federalists
who hold power, but you see a shift back
to states rights in public opinion

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Domestic and Foreign Affairs:

1793- Britain and France are back at war
British still had forts open in the Northwest
territory

Giving arms to the Native Americans and

encouraging them to fight with settlers

Battle of Fallen Timbers forced Native

Americans to accept peace terms
Treaty of Greenville- Native Americans ceded
most of Ohio to the US Government

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

1789- French Revolution

1793- French Revolution went a little crazy

Americans divided on if they should support the

French Revolution

1793 Britain and France are at war

Most thought the US was too weak to enter into

the war

1793- Proclamation of Neutrality

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Britain started seizing American ships

trading with the French
1794- Jays treaty: US and Great Britain
British give up their forts on American soil
Kept most of their restrictions on shipping
Americans repay their pre-war debt
Senate ratified but Democratic Republicans
dont like it

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

1795- Pickney's treaty: US and Spain

Free shipping rights on the Mississippi River
Access to New Orleans
Established Northern boundary of Spanish
Florida

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Washington declined to run for a 3rd term

Set an example by walking way from power
Set precedent

Washington set some political advice in

his farewell address
Political parties
Foreign neutrality
Etc.

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Foreign Policy Affects Domestic Policy

1796- John Adams won election but barely

Jefferson became vice president

Adams lacked tact

Hamilton also weakened Adams administration

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

1796- French began seizing American

merchant ships
Adams sent envoys to negotiate a peace

3 French officials- X, Y, and Z wanted

$250,000 in bribes before negotiating a treaty

XYZ affair- changes sentiment against

France

Congress expanded the army and formed a

small navy

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Alien and Sedition ActsAlien Act- President can arrest and deport noncitizens who criticized the government
Sedition Act- crime for citizens to publically
criticize the federal government

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written by Thomas Jefferson
Declared the Sedition act unconstitutional
States had the power to nullify federal law

5-1: The New Government Finds its Way

Election of 1800:
Adams had isolated some federalists and
angered Democratic-Republicans
Did not win re-election
Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied
Went to the house to decide

Hamilton swung the election towards Jefferson

1804- constitutional Amendment to

change this process

Also lead to dual between Hamilton and Burr

5-2 Jefferson as President

Democratic-Republicans took power and

called it the Revolution of 1800
Abandoned the alien and sedition acts
Lower taxes
Cut national debt 80 million to 57 million by
1809
Cuts to the army and navy
Cut government departments
Benefitted from growth in trade
Benefited from sale of Western lands

5-2 Jefferson as President

John Marshall shapes the Supreme Court

Marshall became Chief Justice in 1801

Federalist
Last minute appointee of John Adams
35 years
1,000 court decision, writing over half of them
More than any other justice in US History

Claimed the power to declare acts of Congress and the

President as unconstitutional
Judicial Review

Insisted federal laws to be superior to state laws

Broadly interpreted the Constitution
sanctity of contracts- limited the power of the state
government

5-2 Jefferson as President

1803- Marbury v. Madison- established

Judicial Review

Marshall ruled in favor of Madison

Declared judiciary act of 1789 unconstitutional
Huge power grab for the Supreme Court

***The only time Marshall ruled a federal law

unconstitutional ***
Did overrule many state laws
Sided with the federal government and business
most of the time
Broad interpretation of the constitution

5-2 Jefferson as President

Jefferson wanted everyone to own a farm

Agrarian republic
Needed land to make this happen

1801 Napoleon gained the Louisiana

territory from Spain
Jefferson wanted to try to buy New Orleans
from the French
Slaves had revolted in Haiti and beaten the
French army by the time we went to negotiate

Napoleon was ready to sell and offered the entire

Louisiana territory

5-2 Jefferson as President

Louisiana Purchase of 1803

Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains

$15 Million
Doubled the size of the United States

Contradiction to Jeffersons principles of

government
Also probably not constitutional

1804- Lewis and Clark sent out to explore the

new territory

5-2 Jefferson as President

Foreign Difficulties Challenge Jefferson

Barbary states of North Africa were seizing

American ships and sailors in the
Mediterranean sea
Washington and Adams paid protection money to

the Barbary states

Ruler of Tripoli increased his rates
1801- Jefferson sent a small navy to blockade
Tripoli
Favorable peace in 1805 concluding the Barbary
war

5-2 Jefferson as President

Americans were re-exporting goods to

France

$59 million in trade by 1807

British warships began to stop and

confiscate American merchant ships
trading with the French
British also impressed American sailors
into the British navy

5-2 Jefferson as President

1812- 6,000 American sailors had been

impressed into the British navy
1807- British attack the Chesapeake in order to
take sailors- Americans outraged
1807- Jefferson got Congress to issue an
Embargo- suspension of trade- on Britain by
making ships stay at port
Thought it would drastically hurt Britain
Bankrupted American Merchants
Jefferson lifted the Embargo right before he left office

James Madison won the election of 1808

5-3 The War of 1812

The Road to War:

British continued with impressment and
helping the Native Americans in the West
1809- Nonintercourse Act- the United States
would resume trade with either France or
Britain- whoever lifted their restrictions first

5-3 The War of 1812

1810- Macons Bill #2- restored trade

with Britain and France but promised if
either recognized American neutralitythe United state would resume trade
sanction with the other country
France did 1st
Madison ordered sanctions against the British
France continued seizing American Ships

5-3 The War of 1812

Two Shawnee Indian brothers

Prophet and Tecumseh
Wanted to united Indian nations in armed
resistance
Angered by treaties that werent upheld

1811- Indiana Governor William Henry

Harrison sent troops to the village
Battle of Tippecanoe
Movement lost momentum but most Native
Americans lived to fight another day

5-3 The War of 1812

1811- War Hawks pushed for war

Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

Nationalist
Denounced impressment
Wanted to invade Canada

5-3 The War of 1812

War with Britain:

Madison urged Congress to declare war on

Britain in June 1812
Madison narrowly won election after

Jefferson thought it would be easy to take

Canada
Relied on state militias
William Hull surrendered to a smaller British

army at Detroit
Embarrassment to the nation

5-3 The War of 1812

Small American navy did well

Captured 4 British ships in 1812
Oliver Perry
Lake Ontario

Defeated British navy- 1813

Let American army led by William H. Harrison to retake Detroit

Didnt get Canada

Did defeat Native Americans in U.S.

October 1813- Harrisons army killed Tecumseh

Supporters then scattered

1814- Andrew Jackson beat the Creek Indians

Survivors surrendered most of their lands

Jackson invaded Spanish Florida defeating the Seminoles

and capturing the Spanish fort at Pensacola

5-3 The War of 1812

1812 and 1813- Britain was distracted fighting Napoleon

Napoleon defeat at Waterloo let Britain focus on the United
States
Britain blockaded the coast
British forces invaded the United States
Britain captured and burned Washington DC
British suffered defeat when they attacked Baltimore
British attack on Ford McHenry was when Francis Scott Key
wrote the Star Spangled Banner
Lake Champlain- American Naval victory

British retreated back to Canada

Battle of New Orleans- Greatest American Victory- Jan 1815

Andrew Jackson
2 weeks after the peace treaty was signed

5-3 The War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent:
Pre-war boundaries
Nothing about impressment

Wasnt as much of an issue with the end of the

Napoleonic Wars

We didnt win the war of 1812, but we didnt

lose either

5-3 The War of 1812

Surge of nationalism after the was

Discredited the federalist who were against

the war

Hartford Convention- federalist delegates

met at Hartford to discuss their
displeasure of the war and possible
secession from the Union
Seen as unpatriotic
By 1820- Federalist party is dead

5-3 The War of 1812

War ended most Native American

aggression east of the Mississippi River
New states emerged from freed up land
Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, and Alabama
Americans also starting to get in fights with
Seminoles in Florida

Spain will eventually decide to give us Florida

Chapter 5-4: The Beginning of the Industrial Revolution

New Technology Revolutionizes Transportation:

Turnpikes- roads which users had to pay a toll

Most didnt make a profit

The National Road- funded by the Federal

Government
1818- Maryland to modern day West Virginia at the Ohio

River

Steamboat- Robert Fulton- Clermont- 1 st successful

steamboat
Travel upstream against the current
Even greater potential for water/river transportation

1850- Atlantic crossings down to 10 to 14 days

from 25 to 50

Chapter 5-4: The Beginning of the Industrial Revolution

Growth of Canals- specifically in the

Northeast

Erie Canal- completed in 1825- 363 miles

Lake Erie to the Hudson River
Lowered the cost from $100 to $4 for the canal

travel
Helped create NYC as a commercial hubpopulation surge

Chapter 5-4: The Beginning of the Industrial Revolution

Most dramatic advance- railroads

Began to appear in the United States in the
1820s
Steam power engines
Cost less to build than canals
Put an end to the canal boom

Chapter 5-4: The Beginning of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution

Technology transformed manufacturing
Industrial Revolution changed culture, social life, and politics

Began in Great Britain in the 1700s

1st machines spun thread into woven cloth
British banned the export of machinery and emigration of

workers with the knowledge of machines

Samuel Slater broke the law and brought knowledge to the
United States
Textile machinery
1793- water powered textile mill- Pawtucket, RI
Family system
Employed whole families
Settled in villages owned by the factory owners and around the
mills

Chapter 5-4: The Beginning of the Industrial Revolution

Francis Cabot Lowell- industrial system in

Massachusetts
Toured Great Britains system in 1811
Company called Boston Associates
1813- 1st mill in Waltham Massachusetts
All operations of cloth production
Young single women- closely supervised
Lowell Girls
Most girls only worked for a few years then
got married

Chapter 5-4: The Beginning of the Industrial Revolution

Changed the working lives of people

Increased the pace of work
Broke work up into small task
No longer skilled labor
Unskilled workers are cheaper to employ

Made cloth, not clothes

Shoe making did something similar

without the machines

Chapter 5-4: The Beginning of the Industrial Revolution

Innovation in Industry and Agriculture

Interchangeable parts- identical components

that could be used in place of one another- Eli
Whitney- guns
Took a while to become reliable
Sewing machines by Elias How and improved by
Singer
Lowered the cost of making clothes

Chapter 5-4: The Beginning of the Industrial Revolution

1837- Samuel Morse invented the electric

telegraph
Dots and dashes called morse code
By 1860- nation had 50,000 miles of telegraph

US remained agrarian
Farms became more productive
Steel plow
Mechanical reeper

Ch. 5-5 Differences between the

North and the South Grow

Industrialization Takes Hold in the North:

Embargo of 1807 and War of 1812 cut off trade

with Britain and access to British manufactured
goods
After war of 1812- Congress passed the Tariff of 1816
Protective tariff
Increased price of imported goods
Helped industry but hurt farmers

Most new factories emerged in the Northeast

Access to capital (start up money)

Favored agriculture less
Cheap factory labor
Swiftly flowing rivers

Ch. 5-5 Differences between the

North and the South Grow

Industrialization changes Northern

Society
Hurt skilled artisans
1820s-workingmans party

Wanted:
Free public education
Working day from 12 to 10 hours
Labor unions (mostly skilled workers at this time)

Ch. 5-5 Differences between the

North and the South Grow

1834 and 1836- Lowell girls held strikes

when wages were cut and boarding price
increased

Failed

The movement didnt prosper in the early

1800s

Ch. 5-5 Differences between the

North and the South Grow

Middle class expanded

Bankers, lawyers, accountants, etc.
Most worked in offices outside their homes
Some lived in new suburbs

Neighborhoods began to be segregated by class

Distinct gender roles

Wives/mothers stayed home
Lower class couldnt afford for women to stay

home

Ch. 5-5 Differences between the

North and the South Grow

Working class had a lot of immigrants

Ireland and Germany
1840s- potato famine

1 million Irish died of starvation or disease

Germans
Failed political revolution
More likely to farm

New immigrants were Catholic or Jewish

Northeast increased population due to
immigration

Ch. 5-5 Differences between the

North and the South Grow

Social and political strains

Poverty
Bad neighborhoods
Competition for jobs
Riots against African Americans
Prejudice against Catholics

Nativists- campaigned for laws to

discourage immigration or to deny political
rights to newcomers
Particularly Whigs
Immigrants tended to be Democratic Republicans

Ch. 5-5 Differences between the

North and the South Grow

Agriculture Drives Southern Society

Slavery goes on the rise with cotton becoming
a cash crop
1793- Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin

Reduced the amount of time to separate the

seed from the cotton

Made cotton much more profitable
Became leading cash crop in the South

1793- 5 million pounds of cotton

1820- 170 million pounds- king cotton

Ch. 5-5 Differences between the

North and the South Grow

1808- overseas slave trade made illegal

Slaves became more profitable to buy and sell

Most of the South became too dependent

on one crop

If prices fell- the entire South was hurting

Ch. 5-5 Differences between the

North and the South Grow

Very little urban growth in the South

Less immigrant population and less
population overall

Also lack of buyers since a large portion of

their population were enslaved

Little education
High illiteracy rates
peculiar institution

Argument that it was better to be a slave than

a wage worker

Ch. 5-6 Nationalism Influences

Policy

The Influence of Nationalism on Domestic

Affairs
1817- Era of Good Feelings
Democratic-Republican party had little
opposition
Monroe gets almost all the votes for reelection

Tariff of 1816- promotes industry

Republicans start promoting protective tariffs

(against Jeffersons ideas)

Ch. 5-6 Nationalism Influences

Policy

Henry Clay

American System
Protective tariff
New roads and canals
New national bank
1st bank expired in 1811
New one established in 1816

Most congressmen opposed using federal

funds for internal improvements

Ch. 5-6 Nationalism Influences

Policy

John Marshall- Chief Justice from 1801-1835

Strong federal government
National economy
Judicial review- Marbury v. Madison
Sanctity of Contracts
Dartmouth college v. Woodward
Fletcher v. Peck

Limited states power to interfere in business contracts

McCulloch v. Maryland
Cant tax the bank of the United States

Gibbons v. Ogden- 1824

Rejected steamboat monopoly
Interstate commerce
Board definition of commerce and federal over state law
Extended federal power

Encouraged the rise of corporations

Ch. 5-6 Nationalism Influences

Policy

As the market became more interconnected,

the economy became more subject to booms
and busts

Boom will saturate the market and cause a bust

Between 1815 and 1860- 3 panics

1819, 1837, 1857
Layoffs and foreclosures
Blame capitalism and banks

Nationalism and art:

American landscapes
James Fennimore Cooper

Leather stocking tales

Ch. 5-6 Nationalism Influences

Policy

Nationalism leads to American Expansion

John Quincy Adams- Secretary of State under
James Monroe
1819- Spain pressured into giving up Florida

Seminoles clashing with settlers

Also giving a safe haven for runaway slaves

Andrew Jackson led attack on Seminoles and

seized Spanish forts
Spanish control of Florida was weak

Got official claim to Florida in 1821- Adams-Onis

Treaty ended Spanish claim to Oregon

(18180 US and Great Britain agreed to share Oregon)

Ch. 5-6 Nationalism Influences

Policy

Adams wrote the Monroe Doctrine

Threats to retake Latin American territory that
had declared independence
Wanted to warn other countries to stay away

British thought they were going to be our

partners in the statement

1823- Monroe said European powers

should stay out of American republics
In return we would stay out of European affairs
Luckily wasnt tested much, we didnt have
the power to uphold it

Ch. 5-6 Nationalism Influences

Policy

Slavery and the Missouri Compromise:

Missouri wanted to enter the union as a slave state

Wanted to keep the balance between slave states and

free states

1820- Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise

Maine as a free state
Missouri as a slave state
36-30 line- Missouri Compromise line (No slavery North of
this line)
Solved the short term but not the long term

Vessey slave revolt was blamed on the Missouri

Compromise debate
Officials learned of the plot and it never too place

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian

Democracy

Andrew Jackson Enters National Politics

Humbled beginnings
Wealthy lawyer and planter
War hero from the war of 1812 and wars against
the Creeks and the Seminoles
Ran for President in 1824

4 Candidates ran in 1824:

John Quincy Adams

William Crawford
Andrew Jackson
Henry Clay

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian Democracy

Caucus- Closed groups of party members

for purpose of choosing a candidate
chose William Crawford
Jackson wins popular vote but doesnt get
the required number of electoral votes
Disputed elections go to the House of
Representatives
Henry Clay gave his support to Adams

When house appointed Adams- He made Clay his

Secretary of State
Jackson called it the corrupt bargain

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian

Democracy

Jackson Hurt Adams presidency and

Adams (like his farther cam off as out of
touch with the common man)
Jackson spent much of the next 4
campaigning with Martin Van Buren
behind the scenses

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian

Democracy

By 1836- all but South Caroline chose

their electors by popular vote- country
was becoming more democratic
Many states were also letting go of their
property requirements on voting
Excluded women and African Americans
Limited to white men

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian

Democracy

1828- Jacksons supporters start being

called Democrats

Jackson won:
56% of the popular vote
2/3rd of the electoral vote

Jackson has a rowdy crowd for his

inauguration
Promised a return to Jeffersonian principles of

strong states, weak federal government, not

interfering with slavery

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian

Democracy

Democrats start being a disciplined party

Faithful got government jobs
VanBuren got Secretary of State

Spoils System- political jobs as a reward

for party loyalty

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian

Democracy

American Indian Removal

60,000 Indians living in the South belonging to
the Chickasaw, Creek, Chocktaw, and
Seminoles
Jackson was known as an Indian fighter

Some tribes were assimilating into society and

became known as the 5 civilized tribes

Southern whites didnt care and wanted them
moved
Started dissolving Indian government and seizing
their lands

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian

Democracy

1832- Native Americans took the matter

to court

Worcester v. Georgia
Georgias land seizure was unconstitutional
John Marshall has made his decision, not let him

enforce it

Indian Removal Act- 1830

Native Americans were made to leave their
lands for new lands in the west
16,000 Cherokees forced with the trail of
tears- 4,000 died in the journey

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian

Democracy

The Debate Over Nullification:

Over protective tariffs

Industrial North liked them
Agrarian South didnt

1828- High tariff adopted

Tariff of Abominations
Jacksons VP- John C. Calhoun opposed the tariff
States rights because of slavery
Championed the concept of nullification
States could nullify, or void, any federal law deemed
unconstitutional
Thought Jackson would be against the low- only

slightly modified it

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian

Democracy

1832- South Carolinas legislature

nullified the law
Threatened to succeed if the federal
government tried to make them pay taxes by
force
Disunion by armed force is treason Andrew
Jackson

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian

Democracy

Daniel Webster

Champion of nationalism in
Congress
liberty and union, now and
forever, one and
inseparable
Argued the union was a
creation of the American
people and not the states
Pushed for passage of the
Force Bill
Gave Jackson the authority to

use force to make South Caroline

comply

At the same time, Congress

reduced the tariff- calmed down
the situation, but brought back up
the idea of nullification and now

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian

Democracy

Economic Change
Leads to the Bank War

Jackson was suspicious

of industry and
business wealth
Pro-agriculture and rural

areas over cities

Disliked the second back
of the US
Vetoed the bank when it
came up for renewal

Congress claimed
Jackson was a tyrant for
his use of veto power

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian

Democracy

Henry Clay and Daniel Webster formed a

new political party

Whigs
Nationalists who wanted a strong federal

government to manage the economy

Broad interpretation of the Constitution
Favored the American System of protective
tariffs, internal improvements, and a national
bank

Back to 2 political parties in the US

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian

Democracy

Election of 1832
Whig- Clay
Democrats- Jackson

VP Martin Van Buren

Jackson won in a landslide and

saw it as a public mandate
Withdrew government money
from the National Bank and
deposited in state (pet)
banks

Weakened the national bank

close to death even though
the charter wasnt up yet

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian

Democracy

Secretary of
Treasury- Roger B.
Taney

Saw to Jacksons
move to pet banks

John Marshall died

in 1835 and
Jackson rewarded
Roger Taney with
the chief Justice
Seat in the
Supreme Court

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian

Democracy

Banks destruction weakened the

economy

State banks expanded and caused inflation

Election of 1837- Martin Van Buren

Economy suffered a panic right after he took
office
One cause was Jackson was stopped taking
paper money for public lands

Worst US depression yet

Ch. 5-7 Jacksonian Democracy

1840- William Henry Harrison for

President
Tippecanoe and Tyler too
Died which gave us president John Tyler

Tyler wasnt really a true whig