Human Anatomy and

Physiology

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1) Define the following terms: Anatomy, Body system, Cell,
Homeostasis, Organ, Physiology, Tissue
2) Identify various anatomical terms commonly used to refer
to body
3) Identify 4 Body Positions
4) Identify 5 Body Cavities
5) Describe fundamentals of 11 Bodily Systems
6) Homeostasis. Why is it important?

Anatomy: Study of the Human Bodys Structure

Physiology: Study of Human Mechanical, Physical,
Biological Function
Cells: basic unit of life--smallest structural and functional
unity within a living thing
Tissues: distinct materials in the body made up of
specialized cells (muscle tissue, epithelial tissue: lining of
organs)
Organs: made up of tissues, fully differentiated (no two
organs perform the exact same action)
Body system: Group of organs that work with one another to
perform a function (breathing, circulating blood,
reproduction)
Homeostasis: relatively stable equilibrium in all bodily
systems: the scientific definition of healthy --John Mayer

Anatomical Positions

Prone: lying face down

Supine: lying face up..supine, spine
Fowlers position: sitting up with knees bent
Trendelenburgs position: body supine with the
head lower than feet
Shock position: head and feet supine, legs are
elevated, helps blood flow to brain
Recovery position: unresponsive patient, no
spine injury. Lying on side, opposite knee
flexed, head cushioned on hand

Directional Terms
Superior
Medial
Proximal

Distal
Proximal

Inferior

Distal

Lateral

More Directional Terms

Superficial / Deep: toward skin surface / farther
inside body

Ventral / Dorsal: anterior / posterior surface of body

Palmar: palm of hand

Plantar: bottom of the foot

Terms

for Movements

Flexion: bending
Extension: straightening
Hyper: beyond normal range of motion (injury)
Abduction: move extremity away from the body
Adduction: move extremity toward the body

Body Cavities
Cavity: Hollow space in the body that houses vital organs
and organ systems
-Cranial Cavity
-Spinal Cavity
-Thoracic (Chest) Cavity
-Abdominal Cavity
-Pelvic Cavity

Cranial and Spinal Cavity: The

Nervous System!!!

Are you nervous?

Nervous System
-controls all activities of the body via sensory input
voluntary: somatic nervous system
involuntary: autonomic nervous system
-Central Nervous System (CNS) brain and spinal cord
cerebrum: rational thought, sensory perception
cerebellum: coordinates movement
brain stem: controls basic body functions (circulatory,
respiratory, digestive function)
-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) cable of nerve fibers that
connect the spinal cord to bodily organs (Brachial plexus,
lumbosacral plexus)

Nervous System 2
Brain stem

cerebrum
cerebellum

Brachial plexus

Sensory nerves: carry

info from the body to the
CNS

Motor nerves: carry info

from the CNS to muscles

Connecting nerves:
connect sensory and
motor
Lumbrosacral plexus

Spinal Column

-33 vertebrae total, central supporting structure of the

body, protects spinal cord (carries nerve messages from
brain to the rest of the body)
Cervical spine: VERY IMPORTANT
3,4,5 stay alive C7 is most prominent
Thoracic Spine: next 12 vertebrae, one
pair of ribs attached to each vertebrae
Lumbar spine: next 5 vertebrae
Sacrum: 5 sacral vertebrae fused
together, joined to illiac bones of the
pelvis
Coccyx: last 4 vertebrae, tailbone,
commonly bruised / chipped

GI and Endocrine Systems: Abs Baby

Liver,
gallbladder

Stomach,
spleen

Appendix
Colon
-small and large intestines in all quadrants

Gastrointestinal System
Anatomy

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small and large intestine

Physiology: help process food and water,

extract necessary nutrients / energy

Saliva
Hydrochloric acid
Bile

Thorax: Chest Cavity

-Contains heart, lungs, esophagus, great vessels (aorta and
two venae cava)
-formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae and the rib cage
Angle of Louis
Xiphoid process

Floating ribs (11, 12)

Costal arch

Retroperitoneal Region
-behind the chest wall know: pancreas, kidney, adrenal
gland, urinary bladder
-Pelvis: closed bony ring consists of 1) sacrum, 2) ilium, 3)
ischium

The Endocrine System: glands in the body that secrete

hormones (regulate blood sugar levels, control
reproductive process)

Hypothalamus--secretes hormones that act on pituitary

Pituitary--master gland
Thyroid--metabolism, growth, development
Adrenals--epinephrine (fight or flight response) sympathetic nervous
system (part of autonomous nervous system)

-eye: promotes dilation

-heart: increases rate and force of contraction
-lungs: dilates bronchioles
-penis: promotes ejaculation
- Pancreas: endocrine NOT gastrointestinal

Respiratory System
Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli (where CO2 O2 exchange takes

place)

More on the Lungs

Pleura: glossy tissue lining of lungs (outside) and chest
cavity (inside) space in between--->pleural space
Diaphragm: both a voluntary and involuntary muscle
(striated, voluntary on deep breath, involuntary when
were not consciously breathing)
-inhalation: diaphragm and intercostal muscles (muscles
between ribs) contract, ribs are raised up and out, thoracic
cavity expands, low pressure allows air to rush in create
vacuum
-exhalation: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, ribs
relax back in, pressure rises in lungs, air rushes out

Circulatory System
-collection of tubes that circulate blood (arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, venules, and veins) and the heart
-heart: muscular organ made of cardiac muscle
(myocardium) each side is divided into upper and lower
chambers (atrium and ventricle)
-arteries carry oxygenated blood away from heart
-aorta: principal artery
-veins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart
-vena cava: principal vein (superior-above heart,
inferior-below heart)
-capillaries: fine end of circulatory tubes, intersect with cells
in bodily tissues, feeds O2 and removes CO2, metabolic
waste

- Oxygen is carried primarily by the red blood cell's

hemoglobin with a small amount dissolved in the
blood.
-Carbon dioxide is dissolved primarily in the plasma
with a small amount carried by the red blood cells.
Plasma also carries nutrients to tissues, also removes
waste
-White blood cells are part of the bodys immune
system and help the body defend against infection.
Along with specialized proteins, platelets are the
component of blood used to form blood clots when
bleeding.

Circulatory Path

http://asweknowit.net/MIDDLE_SCH/DWA%205%20organ%20systems.htm

The Skeletal System

Anatomy

Long and flat bones

Skull and spinal column

Thorax
Pelvis
Upper and lower extremities

Physiology

Structure to the body

Bone marrow makes blood cells

***PAGE 196 and 198: KNOW THESE BONES***

Extra skeletal stuff

Shoulder girdle: the clavicle, the scapula, the humerus
Sternum---Clavicle---Acromioclavicular joint (A/C joint)--Acromion process---Humerus
Foot: calcaneus (heel) metatarsal (middle foot) phalanges
(toes)
Hand: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Muscles

Types of Muscles
Skeletal Muscle: attached to bone, also called striated
-voluntary muscle: under direct voluntary control
paralyzed muscle: muscle lacking nerve impulse
because of broken connection / damaged nerves
(voluntary control is lost)
Smooth muscle: involuntary muscle
-found in gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, bronchi
of the lungs (propels flow of blood, fluids) under same
nervous system
Cardiac muscle: own blood supply and its own electrical
(stimulus) system; heart sets its own rhythm and rate without
brains influence

Blood Pressure / Heartbeat

Normal Heart Rates:
Adult - 60-100 bpm, Child - 70-140 bpm, Newborns - 120-160
bpm
Blood pressure: pressure that blood exerts against arterial
walls (systole: muscular contraction phase / diastole: muscular
relaxation phase)
Major / important arteries: carotid (neck) radial (wrist) brachial
(under bicep) femoral (inner thighyeahhhh) posterior tibial
(inner healgood for distal csms!)

Perfusion: circulation of blood within a specific tissue or organ

in adequate amounts to meet the cells needs.
INADEQUATE PERFUSION = SHOCK!!!!!!!!!!!!!

The Skin Youre In: Integumentary System

-Skin: the largest organ on the human body
-3 major functions
-Protect body from environment
-Regulate body temperature
-Receive nerve signals (sensory)
-Regulates temp by vasoconstriction / vasodialation
-Epidermis and Dermis: 2 major layers
-Epidermis: sebacious glands secrete sebum,
also pores
-Dermis: sweat glands, nerves

The Other Bodily Systems

Urinary System (kidney, urethra, bladder) filters and removes
liquid waste, controls pH of blood, manages electrolyte balance
Reproductive System: penis, testicles, prostate, urethra /
vagina, ovaries, uterus. determines sex characteristics,
Reproduction
Lymphatic System: lymphnodes, white blood cells, spleen.,
removes excess interstitial fluid around cells into blood,
removes foreign molecules / bacteria from tissues, from
bloodstream, absorbs fat and fat soluble vitamins from the
intestines, and produces lymphocytes, a white blood cell

The 11 Bodily Systems

Skeletal
Muscular
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Digestive / Gastrointestinal
Reproductive
Integumentary (skin)
Nervous
Lymphatic
Endocrine
Urinary