Water Sensitive

Urban Design

WATER FACTSHEET:

Can Weather Cause War ? Can Water Cause War ?

Saat ini sekitar 1.1 milyar penduduk dunia tidak memiliki akses air
bersih, dan sebagian besar didominasi oleh wanita dan anak-anak
(UNDP)
1 dari 5 orang di negara berkembang hidup dengan air kurang dari 20
liter per hari, sedangkan penduduk negara maju hidup dengan air
200-300 liter/hari. Bahkan penduduk Amerika lebih boros lagi
575liter/hari (UNDP)
Penduduk negara berkembang, seperti Indonesia, Philipina dan
banyak negara di Amerika Selatan membayar air 5-10 kali LEBIH
MAHAL dibandingkan penduduk negara kaya.
9. Banyak sungai besar di dunia, dalam jangka waktu 20 tahun akan
surut, saking parahnya malah tidak akan bermuara lagi di laut.
Termasuk diantaranya adalah Sungai Mekong, Sungai Kuning dan

TRADITIONAL APPROACH IN WATER ENGINEERING DESIGN

Drain/fill land to allow development
pipe everything - ends up in rivers and
ocean
Construct trapezoidal drains (modify
waterways) leading to sumps
Separate systems for water supply,
wastewater and stormwater
Use potable water for everything
Water issue left too late in the
planning process, for example: Puri
Indah, Taman Palem

WHAT IS WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN ?

Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is a philosophical approach to

urban planning and design that aims to

minimize hydrological and water quality
impacts of urban development.
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

sustainable urban water management.

WATER SENSITIVE
Sustainable solutions for managing water resources
technical and nontechnical (governance)
Protecting aquatic ecosystems

URBAN DESIGN
Integrating total urban water cycle management into the
urban design and
built form landscape architecture, building architecture
Enhancing the landscape/recreation/habitat
Creating an Urban Ecology

PURPOSE
Protect natural systems
protect and enhance natural water systems within urban developments.
Promoting and protecting natural waterways as assets allows them to
function more effectively and supports the ecosystems that rely on them.
Integrate stormwater treatment into the landscape
use stormwater in the landscape by incorporating multiple use corridors that
maximise the visual and recreational amenity of developments.
The natural stormwater drainage system can be utilised for its aesthetic
qualities within parklands and walking paths, making use of natural
topography such as creek lines and ponding areas.

PURPOSE
Protect water quality
improve the quality of water draining from urban developments into receiving
environment. Through filtration and retention, water draining from urban
developments can be treated to remove pollutants close to their source. This
approach reduces the effect that polluted water can have upon the
environment and protects the natural waterways.
Reduce runoff and peak flows
reduce peak flows from urban development by local detention measures and
minimising impervious areas. Local detention and retention enables effective
land use for flood mitigation by utilising numerous storage points in contrast
to the current practice of utilisation of large retarding basins. This approach
subsequently reduces the infrastructure required downstream to effectively
drain urban developments during rainfall events.
Add value while minimising development costs
minimise the drainage infrastructure cost of the development. The reduction
of downstream drainage infrastructure due to reduced peak flows and runoff
minimises the development costs for drainage, whilst enhancing natural

A Water Sensitive City

Flexibility & Adaptability
Cities as water supply catchments
Diversity of water sources of water (ie. alternative sources including stormwater,
sewer mining, recycled wastewater, desalinated water)
Diversity of infrastructure (ie. centralised and decentralised systems promoting
a fit-for-purpose framework for matching water usage to water quality)
Like a share portfolio, flexible and cost effective access to the diverse water
sources will be underpinned by a diversity of centralised and decentralised water
infrastructure

Summary of Singapores
water supply strategy
[The four National Taps of Singapore]
1.NEWater 4 high-grade reclaimed water factories supplying 30% of Singapores
waterdemand).
2. Desalination Plant (10% of Singapores water demand) desalination plant
commissioned in 2006.
3. Urban Stormwater harvesting marina barrage Singapores 15th reservoir
supplying approximately 30 mgd (10% of Singapores water demand); local
catchment supplies approximately 150 mgd or 680 ML/d
4. Water from Malaysia traditionally supplies approximately 50% of Singapores
water demand
Demand management including pricing water to reflect its scarcity

Creating a Reservoir in the City

which will act as a

tidal barrier to control
flooding in low-lying
areas in the city,
create a new reservoir
to augment
Singapore's water
supply and
serve as a major
lifestyle attraction in
Singapore's downtown

A Water Sensitive City

Flexibility & Adaptability
Cities as water supply catchments
Improved water quality and ecosystem health of urban aquatic
environment

BASIC STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

Amount of stormwater run-off Intensity of Development
Increased overland flow Increased natural pollutants
Stormwater drains Citys waterways
Site to hold and use the rain where it falls
Objectives:
To integrate stormwater detention with the provision of open
space and the urban landscape
To minimize the effect of stormwater pollution on receiving
waters, encourage water conservation and reduce stormwater
runoff to minimize flooding
To encourage the re-use of rain and grey water

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
=
BIORENTENTION
An engineered process to manage stormwater runoff, using the
chemical, biological
and physical properties afforded by a natural, terrestrial-based
community of plants, microbes and soil.
Bioretention provides two important functions: (i) water quantity
(flood) controls; and (ii) improve water quality through removal of
pollutants and nutrients associated with runoff.
Developed by. Prince Georges County, Maryland (1990)

Early
concepts

Where ???

Ultra Urban Areas

Ultra urban areas are densely developed urban areas in which little pervious
surface exists. Bioretention facilities are ideally suited to many ultra urban
areas, such as parking lots. While they consume a fairly large amount of
space (approximately 5% of the area that drains to them), they can fit into
existing parking lot islands or other landscaped areas.
Stormwater Hotspots
Stormwater hotspots are areas where land use or activities generate highly
contaminated runoff, with concentrations of pollutants in excess of those
typically found in stormwater. A typical example is a gas station or
convenience store parking lot. Bioretention areas can be used to treat
stormwater hotspots as long as an impermeable liner is used at the bottom of
the filter bed.
Stormwater Retrofit
A stormwater retrofit is a stormwater management practice (usually
structural) put into place after development has occurred, to improve water
quality, protect downstream channels, reduce flooding, or meet other
objectives.
Bioretention can be used as a stormwater retrofit, by modifying existing
landscaped areas, or if a parking lot is being resurfaced. In highly urban
watersheds, they are one of the few retrofit options that can be employed.

SEDIMENT BASIN
Improve Stormwater Quality
to control sediment discharge
To remove coarse to medium sized sediments

TRADITIONAL SEDIMENTATION BASIN CONCEPT LAYOUT

SEDIMENTATION BASIN KEY ELEMENTS

A Water Sensitive City

Flexibility & Adaptability
Cities as water supply catchments
Improved water quality and ecosystem health of urban aquatic
environment
Building social capital (ie. community receptivity, professional capacity,
institutional capacity)

HONGKONG WETLAND
PARK

Major functions of wetlands are:

Store
Wetlands absorb massive run-off and
release water slowly, e.g. floodplain
Filter
Wetlands can trap waste and break down
pollutants, e.g. reed beds
Protect
Wetlands protect our shore lines against
storm waves, floods and erosions, e.g.
mangroves
Provide
Wetlands provide us food, medicines and
natural materials, e.g. rice paddies
Shelter
Wetlands are home to living organisms and
support complex food web, e.g. coral reefs

VICTORIA PARK

The removal of storm

water
Contaminated
downstream-Alexandra
canal

Carriageway towards to the

center of east-west streets

Porous pipes

A system of weirs and inlets

Central park
A detention pond is a low lying area
that is designed to temporarily hold a
set amount of water while slowly
draining to another location.
They are more or less around for flood
control when large amounts of rain
could cause flash flooding if not dealt
with properly.

Sedimentation
pond

Circulation and Access

Networks
Vehicular
Pedestrian
Public Transport
Cycle
Landscape elements

Networks

Vehicular

Pedestrian

Public
Transport

Cycle

Landscape
elements

Stormwater drainage system

- Performance criteria:
Fit as much as possible, within the hydrology of the
natural system
Emphasize stormwater detention, vegetated overflow lines,
sensitive location of discharge points and quality of
receiving waters
Minimize non-porous surfaces to reduce stormwater run-off
Store water for re-use
Retain existing trees
Excludes land needed for natural or modified drainage,
floodplains, remnant vegetation, environmental values
Stormwater drains designed to accept rainwater only
excluding other pollutants from the Citys waterways

Stormwater management by
Development
- Performance criteria:
Minimize changes to the natural hydrology of the local
area or region
Achieves water conservation
Protects water quality
Produces cost-effective development
Enhances local recreational opportunities by maximizing
the dual use of drainage system

Environmental Vs
Developmental
Self-reinforcingDevelopmental
Strategies?
Environmental
1

Introducing sustainable water management

Victoria Park as a model for development and

transformation of Green Square

Integration of Stormwater Management with

open space

Broader network of public open space within Green

Square

Environmental infrastructure across the site

Circulation and movement across the site

Bioretention Swale System

Streetscape
Flexibility for future change

Infrastructural support Gross pollutant traps

Supporting a highly urbanized landscape

Water Detention

Central Park
Public Domain for the community

Storm Waters installation

Public Art

Sedimentation pond

Irrigation
Biodiversity

RAIN GARDEN
FEDERATION SQUARE

RAIN WATER TANKS

RYDER OVAL PAVILION