Chng V:

DUNG DCH
CAN BANG LONG
HI
I.ai cng ve dung dch
II.S hoa tan cua chat kh trong
chat long
III.S hoa tan cua chat long
trong chat long
Can bang
long hi

I. AI CNG VE DUNG
DCH

Dung dch la hon hp ong the cua hai hay

nhieu chat hoan toan tron lan vao nhau.

Dung

dch long
Dung dch ran

Dung dch gom:

Dung moi
Ky hieu 1
(x1)
Chat

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tan
= 2, .. n (xi)

Ky hieu i

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PHAN LOAI DUNG DCH

Dung

dch ly tng:
Cac cau t co tnh chat ly,
hoa giong nhau
lc tng tac giong nhau:
fA-A = fB-B = fA-B
Tao

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dung dch khong gay

hieu ng:
U = 0; H = 0; V = 0
Tuan theo cac phng trnh ly
tng, nh
i = io+ RTlnxi
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 Dung

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dch ly tng:

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dch vo cung loang: x1

1, xi 0

Dung

Tuan

theo cac phng trnh ly

tng, nh:
- nh luat Henry,
- nh luat Raoult,
Dung- dch
i = iothc
+ RTlnx
(khong
ly tng):
i
Lc tng tac khac nhau: fA-A fB-B
fA-B
thanh dung dch U 0; H
0; V 0

tao
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II. S HOA TAN CUA

CHAT KH TRONG CHAT
LONG

S hoa tan cua chat kh trong chat

long phu thuoc vao cac yeu to:
Ban chat dung moi va chat tan
Ap suat
Nhiet o

Qua trnh hoa tan cua chat

kh trong chat long gom cac
giai oan:
Ngng tu kh thanh long
Pha loang chat tan trong

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Xet s can bang:

Kh i = Dung dch (bao hoa i)

Cac thong so can biet e xac

nh trang thai cua he: xi, T, P
Bac t do: C = k f
+2

x=
=2
f (T, P)
i

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Khi

T= const: xi = f (P)

Khi

P= const: xi = f (T)

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1. ANH HNG CUA AP SUAT

EN S HOA TAN CUA KH
TRONG CHAT LONG
Kh i (Pi) = Dung dch (nong o xi)
xi
Hang so canKbang:
P
Pi
nh luat Henry

nhiet o khong oi, o hoa tan

cua mot kh trong mot chat long t le
ap suat phan tren pha long.

xi = kH.Pi
vi kH la hang so Henry, ch phu
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nh luat Henry ch that ung

cho dung dch ly tng
Vi dung dch thc:
- nh luat Henry ch ung khi ap
dung cho cac chat tan de bay hi
dung dch vo cung loang
o tan co the bieu dien theo
cac nong o khac nhau
- Dung dch co nong o cao th
phai s dung hoat o.
s dung phng trnh thc
nghiem cua o tan
S = a + b.P + c.P2
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nh luat Siverts
Trong nganh luyen kim, cac kh
tan vao kim loai long di dang
nguyen t:
X2(k) 2X
xi2
KP
Pi
Hang so can bang:

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xi K .Pi kH . Pi

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10

2. ANH HNG CUA NHIET O

EN S HOA TAN CUA KH VA
RAN TRONG
CHAT LONG.
Xet can bang:
Kh i Dung dch (nong o
xi) + H1
Ran i Dung dch (nong o
xi) + H2
Hang so can bang:

xi (dungdch)
KX
xi (dungdch)
xi (kh / ra
n)

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11

Ap dung phng trnh ang ap

Vant Hoff:
H
ln K X
(3.19a)

RT

Chat i hoa tan theo cac giai oan:

i(kh ,ran) ilong i dd
, nen:
H1 = ngng tu + Hpha loang + Hsolvat hoa
ngng tu = i
H2 = nong chay + Hpha loang + Hsolvat hoa
nong chay = i

i
ln xi
T RT 2

P
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Phng trnh
Sreder mo ta
ham xi = f(T)

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12

xi

i dT
Tch phan, ta c:
dlnxi . 2

R T
x 1
T
i

i
ln xi
R

1 1

T T0

vi i = const va P = const.
To: la nhiet o ngng tu (nong
chay) cua chat i nguyen chat
T = T0 , xi = 1
Ap dung e tnh o hoa tan
cua chat kh neu biet Ts va
ngmgtu
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13

III. S HOA TAN CUA

CHAT LONG TRONG CHAT
LONG
CAN BANG DUNG DCH
LONG
HI
Tron hai chat
long
vao
nhau xay
ra 3 trng hp:
- Hoan toan tan lan vao
nhau,
- Hoan toan khong tan lan
vao nhau
- Tan co gii han
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14

1. HE DD LY TNG TAN LAN

VO HAN
Xet dung dch hai chat A, B
can bang vi hi cua A, B
Cac thong so can biet e xac
nh trang thai cua he:
l
B

h
B

x x ,

, T, P

Bac t do: C = k f
+2=2
Khi

T= const
c=1:

Khi

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P= const

Hai trong
bon thong
so la oc
l lap.
l

f x ;T g x

x f xB ; P g xB
h
B

h
B

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l
B

l
B

15

a. Ap suat hi, nh luat Raoult:

nh luat Raoult
Ap suat hi bao hoa cua moi
cau t t le thuan vi phan
mol cua no trong dung dch.

Pi k.x

l
i

l
o
o
He mot cau t:
xi 1 Pi Pi k Pi

Pi P .x
o
i

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l
i

16

nh luat Raoult ung cho dung

dch ly tng
oi vi dung dch thc:
- nh luat Raoult ung cho
dung moi cua dung dch vo
cung loang,
- nh luat Henry ung cho
chat tan.

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17

b. Gian o ap suat-thanh pha

Khi

T= const

x f x ;P g x

h
c=1:
B

l
B

l
B

Xet dung dch hai cau t A va B

PA P .x
0
A

l
A

PB P .x
0
B

l
B

P PA PB
P .x P .x
0
A

l
A

0
B

l
B

PA0. 1 xlB PB0.xlB

PP

0
A

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(P P ).x
0
B

0
A

l
B

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18

Thanh phan pha hi - nh luat Konov

h
h
x
n
Theo nh luat Dalton: B B PB
h
h
xA nA PA

Ket hp nh luat Raoult

h
B
h
A

0
B
0
A

l
B
l
A

l
B
nh
l
A

x
P x
x
. .
x
P x
x
B/ A
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PB0
0
PA

luat Konovalo

goi la he so tach hay

he so chng cat
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19

Cac he qua
+ Thanh phan pha hi ong
bien thanh phan pha long.
+ Thanh phan chat de soi
trong pha hi ln hn trong pha
long.

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20

d. Gian o (x-x) Thanh phan hi Tha

x f(x )
h
B

l
B

x
.x
l
h
h
l
xA xB xA .xB
h
B

l
B

.x

l
1 ( 1).xB
l
B

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21

e. Nhiet o soi va gian o Nhiet

Ta co:P PA0 (PB0 PA0 ).xlB

Ket hp phng trnh Clausius-Clap

PA0 K A .exp( A / RT )
PB0 K B .exp( B / RT )

A
A

P K A .exp K A .exp K B .exp

RT
RT

Phng trnh nay neu quan he

ba bien: P, T,
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607010 - Chng 5

B l
xB
RT
gial

xB
22

Khi

l
P= const
T g xB

x f(T)
h
B

ng hi
hay ng
sng

x f(T)
l
B

ng long
hay ng s
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23

o th tren co ba thanh phan:

- Di ng long: he mot pha
long
c=kf+1=2
- Tren ng sng: he mot pha
hi
c=kf+1=2
- Vung gia hai ng: he hai
pha long hi,
c=kf+1=1
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24

10/24/16

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TL T1 T2
T3
iem he:
L l1 Q2
h3
iem long:
l 1 l 2 l3
iem
hi:
Neu iem
h1 hiem
long,
2 h3 he
va iem hi
thang hang, ta
co
Longl
Q2h2
2

Hih2 Q2l 2
25

2. HE DUNG DCH THC TAN LAN

VO HAN
Trong
dungsuat
dch hi:
thc: Phi thc Phi
a. Ap
theo Raoult

Neu Phi thc > Phi theo Raoult: he sai

lech dng
Neu Phi thc < Phi theo Raoult: he sai
lech
am
Nguyen
nhan: f f f
A-A

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A-B

B-B

26

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27

b. Thanh phan pha hi

nh luat Konovalov II
oi vi nhng he co thanh
phan ng vi iem cc tr tren
ng ap suat hi tong cong th
pha long va pha hi can bang
co cung thanh phan.

x x
iem cc tr:
h
B

l
B

xAh xAl
iem ang ph
Dung dch ang ph
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28

3. S CHNG CAT DUNG DCH:

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29

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30

Figure 1. Simple distillation.

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Figure 2. Fractional distillation

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31

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32

4. HE HAI CHAT LONG HOAN

TOAN KHONG TAN LAN
a. Tnh
chat
he:
Ap
suat
hicua
rieng
phan cua
moi chat khong phu thuoc
thanh phan, ch phu thuoc
nhiet o.
0
0

P PA PB PA PB f (T)

Thanh phan pha hi cung ch phu thu

h
0
xB PB PB

0 f (T )
h
xA PA PA
Nhiet o soi nho hn nhiet o
soi moi cau t nguyen chat.
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33

Xac nh ap suat hi bao hoa va

Ap hi bao hoa cua nc khi
soi, la 760mmHg
Ap suat hi
bao hoa chat
A theo nhiet
o

Nhiet o soi
va
ap hi bao
hoa cua A khi
hon hp soi

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34

Xac nh ap suat hi bao hoa va

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35

b. Chng cat loi cuon hi nc:

C s cua phng phap nay la
dung hi nc suc qua mot he
cha mot chat A khong tan
trong nc, loi keo no ra khoi
hon hp.
Ap dung e
chng cat cac
chat hu c
co nhiet o
soi qua cao,
hay tai nhiet
o cao no b
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36

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37

Ta quan tam lng hi nc toi

thieu e chng cat c mot kg
chat A, tnh nh sau:
gH O
2

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PH0 O M H O PH0 O 18
0 .
0 .
PA M A
PA M A
2

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38

5. HE HAI CAU T TAN LAN

CO GII HAN:

a. S tan lan co gii han cua hai

V du: He phenol
nc
Cho phenol vao nc, co 2 trng
hp xay ra:
* Tan hoan toan
* Phan thanh hai lp:
- Lp nc bao hoa phenol
- Lp phenol bao hoa nc
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39

 P = const:
c = k f + 1 = 2 2 +1
=1
co 1 thong so oc
lap
Neu T thay oi
x1 = f(T)
x2 = g(T)
Gian o (T-x)

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40

iem K = iem ti han

bieu dien hai he lien hp co
cung thanh phan
T Cgii han.
ng aKb: ng
K
n3
T3

n2

Vung ong the T2

T1
Vung d the

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n1

H
b3
Q2
Q1

b2
b1

A
41

He Q1 phan thanh hai

heQn
,b.
t he
1 1co1 phan mol B la b%, nhiet o T1
Khi tang nhiet o, th:
Nhiet o:
T1 T2
T
C
T3.
K H
iem he:
Q1 Q2
n3
b3
Q3 b3
Q2 b2
iem pha b: b1 b2 b3 T3 n2
iem pha n: n1 n2 n3 T2
Q1
n1
T1
b1
Tnh
pha
tai
T2:
Vilng
T > Tcac
:
hai
he
tan
3
lngn
Q2b2
2
hoan toan

lngb
Q2n2
2
B
A
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42

T
OC

V.3.5.b. Phng phap xay

dng gian o nhiet o
thanh phan
V.3.5.c. Cac gian o can
bang long hi cua he hai
cau t tan lan co gii han

V.3.6. He ba cau t tan lan co gi

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43

BAI TAP
Trang 180 183
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11 / 1, 9,
16
12, 14 / 10,13, 15

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44