Chng VI

CAN BANG GIA DUNG

DCH LONG VA PHA RAN
(S HOA TAN VA KET TINH)
I. Tnh chat va nong o cua dung dch
II. S ket tinh cua dd hai cau t
He khong tao dd ran, khong tao hp chat
hoa hoc
He khong tao dd ran, tao hp chat hoa
hoc ben-khi ket tinh.
He khong tao dd ran, tao hp chat hoa
hoc khong ben-khi ket tinh.
He tao dd ran tan lan vo han.
He tao dd ran tan lan co gii han.

I. TNH CHAT CAC DUNG DCH

LOANG CHAT TAN KHONG BAY
HI

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

1. o giam ap suat hi cua dung d

oi vi dd cac chat tan khong
bay hi, th ap suat hi tren be mat
dd la do hi dung
moi
gay ra.
0 l
0
P = Pdung moiP1=.x1 P1 (1 x)
: ap hi bao hoa cua dung
moi nguyen chat.
Pi0
x : tong phan mol cac chat tan
khong
bayluat
hi. Raoult II:
nh
0
o giam ap suat hi
Pi P P
tng oi cua dd

x
0
0
bang tong phan mol
Pi
Pi
cac chat tan khong
bay hi.
10/24/16
607010 - Chng 6
3

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

 2. o tang iem soi va o ha iem ket tinh

Khi hoa tan mot chat khong bay

hi vao dd, nhiet o soi cua he se
tang va nhiet o ong ac giam so
vi dung moi nguyen chat.

o ha
iem
ong
10/24/16

o
tang
iem
607010 - Chng 6

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

o tang iem soi va o ha

iem ket tinh cua dung dch cac
chat tan khong bay hi t le thuan
nong o molan cua dung dch:

TS = KS.Cm = TSdd

TSdm

T = K.Cm = Tdm Tdd

K : hang so nghiem ong
KS : hang so nghiem soi
K, KS ch phu thuoc dung moi,
khong phu thuoc chat tan.

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

oi vi dd vo cung loang hoac dd

ly tng:

2
R.T0 .M 1

1000
1

T0 : nhiet o soi (hay nhiet o ong

ac) cua dung moi
M1: khoi lng phan t dung moi
1 : nhiet ngng tu (hay nhiet nong chay)
cua dung moi
10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

 3. Ap suat
tham thau

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

nong o C, phan chat long ngoai

chau la dung moi.
Do chenh lech nong o, dung moi
tham qua mang vao trong, mc chat
long trong ong dang len o cao h, tao
chenh lech ap suat goi la ap suat
tham thau:

= .g.h
Ap suat phu thuoc vao nong
o dd va nhieto:
= C.R.T
10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

10

 4. Cac phng phap xac nh khoi

lngnghiem
phan t
bang
nghiem
-Phep
ap:
da thc
vao o
giam
ap suat hi cua dd

-Phep nghiem soi: da vao o tang

iem soi cua dd
-Phep nghiem lanh: da
giam nhiet o ket
tinh cua dd

vao

-Phep nghiem tham thau: da vao

ap suat tham thau
cua dd
10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

11

VI.2. S KET TINH CUA

DUNG DCH HAI CAU T
VI.2.1. HE KHONG TAO DD RAN,
KHONG TAO HP CHAT HOA HOC
a. Gian o nhiet o, thanh phan:

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

12

a, b: iem ket tinh cua A, B

nguyen chat
(aeb) ng
long
bieu dien
iem bat au
ket tinh cua
hon hp
(rr) ng ran
e: iem eutecti
bieu dien dd bao hoa hai cau t A-B,
khi ha nhiet o A va B se ket tinh
ong thi.
10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

13

b. Khao sat qua trnh a nhiet

tren gian o (T-x)

T
b

r1

T2

r2

T1

l1

l2
RA

Q2
H

RC RB r'

t
u

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

t (th
i gian)
14

Tai moi thi iem: cac iem he, iem

ran, iem long la lien hp, tuan theo
quy tac on bay.
gB l 2 .Q2
lngran
B
Tai T2:

lnglon
gl2 gl 2 Q2r2
He Q2 = long l2 + ran r2
Tai Te:
HR C
lnglon
ge

he H = long e + ran chung

RC. chung eH
lngran

lngran
he ran chung RC = ran A +
ranAB R C R B

lngran
B RA RC

Qua trnh ket tinh ket thuc khi iem

ran chung chay en iem H.
10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

15

iemhp
e coeutecti:
nhiet o va thanh phan
c. Hon
la Te va xe
Tai iem eutecti, he long A-B bao hoa
ca hai cau t A, B.
Bac t do:
c=kf+2=23+2=1
Khi P thay oi, Te va xe thay oi theo:
Te = f(P)
va
xe=g(P)
Neu P = const: c = k f + 1 = 2 3
+1=0
Moi he co Te va xe ac trng
10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

16

Neu ha nhiet o hon hp eutecti, A

va B se ket tinh ong thi. He ket
tinh nh mot chat nguyen chat.
T

b
b
a

A
10/24/16

B
607010 - Chng 6

t (th
i gian)
17

ng
dung
cua
hon
hp
eutecti:
- Tao thiec han nong chay nhiet
o thap
- Tao cac hon hp sinh han: muoi
nc

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

18

d. Qua trnh ket tinh ang

Gi nhiet o khong oi, thay oi
nhiet (T = const)
thanh phan cua he.
Xet he la dung dch NaNO3 30% mol,
55oC.
Qua trnh chng
ang nhiet
ng dung trong
cong nghe CO
AC DD

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

19

VI.2.2. HE KHONG TAO DD RAN, KHI KET

TINH
TAO
HOA
HOCs
BEN
Cho
he
haiHP
cau CHAT
t A va
B. Gia

nong o nao o, he co phan ng

hoa hoc tao chat D (D ben T< Tnongchay
D)

Hai iem
eutectic:
e1 (he AD)
Cac ng ket tinh
cuaDB)
e2 (he
chat ran:
ae1 (Ran A); e1de2 (Ran D);
10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

20

a. Qua trnh ket tinh a nhiet:

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

21

b. Qua trnh ket tinh ang nhiet, a

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

22

VI.2.3. HE KHONG TAO DD RAN, KHI KET TINH

TAO
HP
KHONG
BEN
Cho
he
haiCHAT
cau HOA
t A HOC
va B.
Gia s

nong o nao o, he co phan ng

hoa hoc tao chat D
(D ch ton tai nhiet o T < Tp va Tp
ng ket
< Tnong chay DCac
)

tinh cua chat ran:

ae (Ran A)
ep (Ran D)
pb (Ran B)
e: iem eutecti
p: iem peritecti
(iem chuyen
tiep)

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

23

He co xB< xB(p), qua trnh ket tinh dien

ra giong nh he khong tao dung dch
ran, khong
tao
hp chat
a. Qua
trnh a
nhiet
cua hoa
he hoc
T Q1 (xB> xB(D))
T
Q1

r1

l
L=RB

p
RA

(1)

RA=L

L=RD

RA vaRD
A

rC rB

(3)

RD vaRB
D

10/24/16

(2)

607010 - Chng 6

24

b. Qua trnh a nhiet cua he Q2 (xB=

xB(D))
Q3 (xB(p)< xB<
xB(D))

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

25

VI.2.4. HE HAI CAU T TAO THANH

DD RAN TAN LAN VO HAN
Trong thc te, co nhng he khi ket
tinh tao ra cac tinh ng
the honalb
hp
ong
- ng
the nh helong,
Ag Au.
bieu dien
cac dd bao hoa va
bat au ket tinh.
ng arb - ng
ran, bieu dien cac
he ran bat au
nong chay.
Vung gia hai
ng cong, bieu
dien cac he d
the co hai pha long
10/24/16
607010 - Chng 6
26

VI.2.5. HE HAI CAU T TAO THANH

DD
RAN
LAN CO GII HAN
a.
He
coTAN
iem
eutectic
He Pb Sn thuoc loai
nay.

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

27

b. H co iem peritecti
He Pt-Ag thuoc dang nay

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

28

T OC
S ket tinh cua dung dch ba
cau t
BAI TAP
1, 2, 5, 6, 7 / 4, 5, 9

10/24/16

607010 - Chng 6

29