Chng IV

LY THUYET CAN BANG PHA

CAN BANG PHA TRONG HE 1
CAU T
IV.1 Cac khai niem chung
IV.2 Can bang pha trong he 1 cau
t
IV.3 Cac gian o he 1 cau t :
nc, lu huynh

CAN BANG PHA

V du thc
te

S chuyen
pha

Say kho

Lon Hi
g
ong
Hi
sng
Long
Bang tan Ran
Long
Ket tinh Lon
ng t
g

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Ten
qua
trnh
Bay hi
Ngng tu
Nong
chay
ong
ac

IV.1. CAC KHAI NIEM

CHUNG

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V.1.1. Cac khai niem: pha, hp phan,

cauPha
t, -bac
t do
so
Pha - so
pha
f
pha
f
Pha la toan bo phan ong the

cua he nam trang thai CB co

cac thong so nhiet ong nh
nhau.

Cac pha trong he c phan chia

N
bi cac be mat phan
chia phaHi
.
c
a
N
c

N
c

He mot
pha

He hai
pha

Nc
a
N

He ba
pha

He
He
ong
ong
- Ch gom 1
the
the
pha
- Khong co
be mat phan
chia pha

He d
d
He
the
the
-Co nhieu hn
1 pha
- Co be mat
phan chia pha
N
c
a
N
c

N
c

He
ong
the

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Hi
Nc
a
N
c

He d the
f >1
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Hp
Hp
phan
phan

La cac chat hp
thanh he

Moi
hp
phan
eu co the tach
rieng
va ton qtai
So
cau
So
hp
So cau
q
So hp
oc
lap
ngoai he
t
k
phan
r
ttoi
k
phanso
r
Tong
So
So cac
cac hp
thieu cac
phng
phan trong hp phan trnh oc
he
u e
lap lien
tao ra he he nong
o cac
k = r q hp phan
can
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V du:

2SO3 (k) = 2 SO2 (k) + O2 (k)

Tnh so
cau t
cua he
khi can
bang:
Neu ban
au ch
co kh SO3:

r= 3
q=

2
C SO
.CO2

1K:c

C SO

const

k=rq=31=
2
r= 3
q = 2K:c

2
C SO
.CO2
2

C SO

const

CSO2= 2CO2
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k=rq=32=1

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La so toi thieu
Bac t
t
Bac
nhng thong so can
do C
C
do
thiet e xac nh
trang thai can bang
C = (thong
so
trang thai)
cua
he.
(phng trnh lien he)
Thong so thanh
Co 2 loai
phan: Ci hay xi
Thong so
ben
thong so
ngoai: T, P, V

V du: oi vi 1 chat kh la kh ly
- 4tng:
thong so trang thai: T,
V, C
P, =
n 4 1
- 1 phng trnh lien he: PV ==nRT
3
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IV.1.2. IEU KIEN CAN BANG

PHA VA QUY TAC PHA GIBBS

Quy luat chung: Cac qua trnh nhiet

ong noi chung va cac qua trnh d
the noi rieng se xay ra theo hng
san
eu
thong
cng
o. bo
Xet
mot
hecac
d the
gom:so
k cau
t, phan
trong f pha.
Khi he Can
at can
bang th se
thoa 3 IEU

bang
Can
bang
T
=
T
=
T
=
KIEN CAN BANG PHA

nhiet o:
o:
nhiet
Can bang
bang c
c
Can
hoc:
hoc:
Can bang
bang
Can
hoa hoc:
hoc:
hoa

f
=
T
P = P = P =
f
=
P
1 = 1 = 1 = =
1 f

2 = 2 = 2 = =
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V du: Trong khong kh, xet ap suat

rieng phan cua hi nc tren nc
long va nc a cac nhiet o:

PH2Olong = PH2Oran = 4,579

OoC: He at can
mmHg
bang
PH2Olong = 3,158 mmHg
5oC:
PH2Oran = 3,008 mmHg
He khong can bang: nc
long cham ong se t chuyen
thanh nc a (long ran)
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10

Neu ra bieu thc toan e tnh bac t

do cua cac he:
C = (thong so trang thai) (phng
trnh lien he)
Cong thc
tong quat:

C=kf+
n

k : so cau t trong
he
f : so pha trong he
n : so thong so
ben ngoai tac
ong len he

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11

Xet trng hp
Thiet lap
lap
Thiet
co hai thong so
cong thc
thc
cong
ben ngoai tac
Cac ieu kien
can bang pha: ong len he: (T,
P)
n=2
T = T = T =
- So thong so
= Tf
trang thai
=
P = P = P =
(k+
= Pf
(k + 2)f
2)
- So phng trnh
1 = 1 = 1 = =
do lien he
= (k +
1f
ng

2)(f1)+
f 2)(f
2 = 2 = 2 = = C= (k+2)f
(k +
f

2
thong

1)f

so
k = k = k = =
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C=kf
+2

12

V du:
Xet he nc long nguyen
chat
k=
C=kf+2=11
1
f = +2=2
1
Y ngha:
Hai thong so nhiet ong oc lap tac
ong len he la: T, P co the thay oi
tuy y (trong mot gii han xac nh)
ma he van ch gom 1 pha long (he
van can bang).
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13

V du: Xet he nc long nam can

bang vi hi nc
H2O (l) = H2O (h)
k= f = C=kf+2=12+
1;
2
2=1
Y ngha:
He la nhat bien.
e he van trang thai
bang, khi 1 thong so thay
thong so con lai se phai
oi theo lien he: T= f(P)
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can
oi,
thay

14

VI.1.3. GIAN O PHA VA

CAC QUY TAC CUA GIAN O
Gian o pha PHA
(gian o trang thai)
la o th mo ta s phu thuoc
gia cac thong so trang thai cua
mot he nam trong can bang pha.
Co cac dang: - Gian o
khong gian
-

(P-T)
-

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(T-V)

(P-V)
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15

Co cac dang: gian o khong gian,

(P-T), (T-V), (P-V)

Gian o
trang thai
khong gian
cua H2O
(P < 200
atm)
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16

Gian o (P-T)
cua H2O
(P < 200atm)

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17

Gian o (TV) cua H2O

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18

Gian o
(P-V) cua
H2O

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19

Mot gian o pha

bao gom:
- Cac ng: P = f(T), T = f(V), P =
f(x)mo ta s phu thuoc cua 2
thong so ieu kien can
phaP = f(T, xi)
- Cac mat: P bang
= f(T, V),
mo ta s phu thuoc cua 3
thong so ieu kien can
- Cac vung: bang pha
mo ta cac pha trong he nam
can bang vi nhau
Gian o pha la cong cu e nghien cu
nh tnh va nh lng cac qua trnh
chuyen pha, t o tnh toan cac thiet
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20

Cach bieu
bieu dien
dien cac
cac thong
thong so
so nhiet
nhiet
Cach
ong tren
tren gian
gian o
o pha
pha
ong

- Thong so ben ngoai

P, V,
T: dung phng phap thong thng
S
- Thong so thanh
phan
xi: 2
He
cau t
A

0
0

0.2
20

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0.4
40

0.6
60

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0.8
80

xB
1.0
100% yB%

21

He 3
cau t

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22

Quy tac
tac cua
cua gian
gian
Quy
o pha
pha
o
- Quy tac
lien tuc:
Neu he khong co s thay oi ve chat,
so pha hay dang cac pha th cac ng hay
cac mat tren gian o se lien tuc.
- Quy tac ng thang
lien hp:
ieu kien ang nhiet ang ap:
he
H =dien
he Hcua
H2 nay
1 + he
3 iem
bieu
3 he
nam tren mot ng thang (goi la
ng thang lien hp).
- Quy tac khoi tam :
(T OC)
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23

- Quy tac on he
bay:
H = he H1 +
he H2
Lng he
gH1
HH2
=
=
H1 he
Lng
gH2
HH1
H2

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24

IV.2. CAN BANG

PHA TRONG HE 1
CAU T
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25

 Xet en s can bang gia cac

trang thai tap hp cua 1 chat.
Pha long,
long, ch co 1 trang thai tap
Pha
kh ::
kh
hp (tr kh He)
Pha ran:
ran: co the co nhieu trang
Pha
thai tap hp
S chuyen pha = s thay oi
trang
hp
thay
oithai
ottap
ngot
nhng tnh
chat cua he:
nhiet
C=1f+2=
3f
(f 3
)
10/24/16

, CP,V, hieu ng
He 1 pha: C
He
= 22 pha: C
= 13 pha: C
He
=0

607010 - Chng 4

Y
Ngh
a?
26

IV.2.1. Anh hng cua ap suat en

nhiet o chuyen pha

Xet he 1 cau t ton tai can bang

2 pha:
pha = pha
C = 1 trang thai can bang: T
= f(P).
Xet P, T
nh:
-xac
Khi co
can bang
G = G
- Neu thay oi P P + dP th T T +
dT
thanh lap can bang mi:

G
+
d
G
=
G
+
dG
dG = dG, thay dG = -SdT + vdP,
ta c:

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27

 dG = dG, thay dG = -SdT + VdP, ta

c:
dG = dG
-SdT + VdP = -SdT + VdP
( S S)dT = (V V )dP
SdT = VdP

dT V

dP S
Phng trnh Clausius
Clapeyron I:
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trong o
T
S =
dT
V
T
dP

28

dT
V
T
dP

+ He ngng tu: t phu thuoc vao ap

suat, ta co the
T tnh
V gan ung :
P

dT
> 0 va Vh Vl > 0
dP

+ Qua trnh hoa hi: hh

nen
>0
P tang
th Ts tang)
+ (khi
Qua
trnh nong
chay: nc > 0 va phan
dT
ln Vl Vr > 0
dP
nen
>0
dT
Nc: Vl Vr < 0 nen
< 0 (khi P
dP
tang, Tnc giam)
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29

IV.2.2. Anh hng cua nhiet o en

ap suat hi bao hoa

Xet hai can bang sau :

Long =
Hi + hh
RT
Ran
=
Hi
+

Do Vh >> Vl, Vh >> Vr V th Vh=

P
(xem kh la kh ly tng)

Phng trnh Clausius - Clapeyron II :

dP

PdT RT 2

d lnP

dT
RT 2

Cac dang tch phan:

P2
1 1
j
ln
lnP
RT
P1
R T2 T1
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cal
d lgP

dT
4,575.T 2

P = k.e -/RT
30

P = k.e -/RT

lnP
j
RT

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31

Ap dung phng trnh Clausius Clapeyron II :

P2
1 1
ln

P1
R T2 T1

- Xac nh ap suat hi bao hoa

khi thay oi nhiet o (va ngc
lai)
- Xac nh nhiet chuyen pha

oi vi cac can bang:

Hi
Ran = Hi
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Long

=
32

IV.2.3. Anh hng cua ap suat tong

cong en ap suat hi bao hoa

Ptong = Pbao hoa cua cac chat long +

Pcua cac kh khac
Phng trnh lien he:

P2 V1ong Pt,2 Pt,1

ln
P1
RT

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33

IV.2.4. Anh hng cua nhiet o en

nhiet chuyen pha

Nhiet chuyen pha phu thuoc vao

nhiet o va ap suat can bang:
= (T,P), ta co phng trnh:

lnV
CP

dT
T
T P

- Can bang long - hi , ran - hi, co

V Vhd
RT/P nen:

dT

CP

lnV
- Can bang ran
,
- long

T P
rat dnho,
nen:

CP
dT
T
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34

IV.3. GIAN O TRANG

THAI

CUA HE 1CAU T

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35

P = k.e -/RT

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36

IV.3.1. Gian o trang

thai cua nc

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- Trong cac
vung:
f
=
1

C
=
-Tren cac
2
ng: he co
2 pha CB nhau
f=2
-C=
Tai
1 iem T :
he co 3 pha
can bang
nhau
- C la iem
f=3C=
ti han.
0
37

-ng

BT tuan theo
phng trnh Clausius
T
Clapeyron
I, co P 125
0,008
T
P

nen doc ng t
-ng CT, AT tuan theo
trai qua.
phng trnh Clausius
Clapeyron II, dang ham
thh / RT
so mu: hh / RT
P ke
P ke
hh

thh

- ng DT la ng keo
dai cua CT ( gia ben
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38

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39

IV.3.2. Gian o trang thai

cua lu huynh

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40

IV.3.3. Gian o trang thai

cua CO2

10/24/16

11 atm
atm

CO22 ran
ran thang
thang
CO
hoa khi
khi at
at
hoa
trong khong
khong
trong
kh am
am
kh
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41

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42

Bai tap ve nha

oc : Gian o trang thai cua lu
huynh

Bai 1,2 trang 124

Bai 1- 6 trang 139 - 140

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43

Supercritical fluid

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44

im ti hn

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