Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Environment
Introduction
We live in a Natural as well as
social world
Development cannot be of only
the rich nor it means only high
living standards.
Also
not
just
ECONOMIC
development
It has to be a holistic approach.
Social
aspects,
Economic
development and environment
have a strong relation.
From Unsustainable to
Sustainable
G.H Bruntland, Director of World
:
Meeting the needs of present
without
compromising
the
ability of future generations to
meet their own needs
Health Organisation
Stop overuse
Reduce Impacts
Maintain ecological balance
Hand over a safe, healthy and resourceful
environment to our future generations
Intra-generational equity
Minimize gap between and within nations
Support economic growth of poorer
countries
Provide technological help
Indian Scenario
Tremendous Population
Tremendous natural diversity
Hence makes planning sustainably
all the more important but complex.
National Council of Environmental
Planning and Coordination set up in
1972.
Ministry of Environment and Forests
set up in 1985.
Social Issues
Urban problems related to ENERGY
WATER CONSERVATION
Resettlement and Rehabilitation
issues
Environmental ethics
Climate Change
Global Warming
Acid Rain and Ozone layer Depletion
Nuclear Accidents and Holocaust
Wasteland Reclamation
Consumerism and waste products
Energy demanding
activities
Effects
Water Conservation
Water is a vital resource.
Majority of water resources
are polluted heavily
Its amount is limited for use
So conservation is Extremely
important
WATER CONSERVATION
(a) Decreasing run-off losses
Actions
Some researchers have suggested that
water conservation efforts should be
primarily directed at farmers, in light of the
fact that crop irrigation accounts for 70%
of the world's fresh water use.
Drip irrigation instead of sprinkle irrigation.
Common
strategies
include:
publicoutreachcampaigns,tiered
water
rates (charging progressively higher prices
as water use increases), or restrictions on
outdoor water use such as lawn watering
and car washing.
100s of ways to conserve water
Introduction
In urban areas, the construction of houses,
footpaths and roads has left little exposed
earth
for water to soak in.
In parts of the rural areas of India, flood
water quickly flows to the rivers, which then
dry up soon after the rains stop. If this water
can be held back, it can seep into the ground
and recharge the groundwater supply.
This has become a very popular method of
conserving water especially in the urban
areas.
Rainwater harvesting essentially means
collecting rainwater on the roofs of building
and storing it underground for later use. Not
only does this recharging arrest groundwater
depletion, it also raises the declining water
table and can help augment water supply.
Status
Town planners and civic authority
in many cities in India are
making
rainwater
harvesting
compulsory in all new structures.
No water or sewage connection
would be given if a new building
did not have provisions for
rainwater harvesting
A
number
of
government
buildings have been asked to go
in for water harvesting in Delhi
and other cities of India.
Process
Case study
The area surrounding the River Ruparel in Rajasthan,
is an example of proper water conservation. The site
does not receive even half the rainfall received by
Cherrapunji,
but
proper
management
and
conservation have meant that more water is
available than in Cherrapunji.
The water level in the river began declining due to
extensive deforestation and agricultural activities
along the banks and, by the 1980s, a drought-like
situation began to spread.
Under the guidance of some NGOs (non-government
organizations), the women living in the area were
encouraged to take the initiative in building johads
(round ponds) and dams to hold back rainwater.
Way to Success
Crippled by two consecutive droughts, when an
NGO, Action for Social Advancement (ASA),
offered to renovate the tank, it was hard for the
residents to decide to contribute 25 percent of the
tanks renovation cost of Rs. 3 lakh.
Three meters of silt, which had erroded from the
surrounding hills, was removed from the tank. This
was used as manure in farmlands and the tank
was soon renovated. The decision paid rich
dividends and to changed the lives of the villagers
forever.
According to Nana Basna, President of the Liftirrigation Society formed to regulate water use in
the village there is enough water for the next
three years. The stored water is enough to
irrigate more than 61 hectares (ha) of land. The
recharged wells will be an additional source. Now
water is overflowing from the dam and residents
are planning to revive a defunct lift irrigation point
as a result of which three villages will be irrigated.
WATER SHED
MANAGEMENT
Concept of Watershed
Watershed is a geo hydrological unit or
piece of land that drain at a common
point.
A watershed is defined as any spatial
area from which rain or irrigation water
is collected and drained through a
common point.
Thewatershed and drainage basin are
synonymous term indicating an area
surrounded by a ridge line that is
drained through a single outlet.
Objectives of watershed
management
Watershed
management practices
Watershed management involves
many techniques
The techniques can be summarized
as : Grassland development, Gully
Plugs, Tree plantation and contour
trenching on hill tops and slopes,
Contour bunding, Water conservation
structures, Lift irrigation schemes,
Land leveling etc.
Public participation and awareness
INTEGRATED WATERSHED
DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
The Integrated Watershed Development Project
(Hills-II) started in April 1999.
It has a budget of US$24.4 million and is being
run by experts from different line departments.
It is World Bank-funded and operated in
Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab,
Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal.
One of its working areas lies in northeast
Haryana in the most degraded watersheds of
the Siwalik hills and their adjoining piedmont
plains. The project area has been identified as
one of Indias eight most degraded rainfed
agro-ecosystems.
Resettlement and
Rehabilitation
Intro
Development projects essential
To have development natural
resources are utilized.
Most affected are locals or
native people
Poorest of poor and
underprivileged people
Various types of project lead to
displacement of locals
Tribals are usually the most affected amongst the displaced who are
already poor. Displacement further increases their poverty due to loss of
land, home, jobs, food insecurity, increased social isolation.
Displacement due to
mining
Displacement due to
creation of Protected
area
Displacement also
takes place where
Policy
Department of Land Resources, Ministry of
Rural Development has formulated a National
Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for
Project Affected Families, 2003 with the
objectives to:
Minimize displacement and to identify nondisplacing or least-displacing alternatives;
Plan the resettlement and rehabilitation of
Project Affected Families, (PAFs) including
special needs of tribals and vulnerable
sections;
Provide better standard of living to PAFs; and
Facilitate harmonious relationship between the
Requiring Body and PAFs through mutual
cooperation.
National Policy on Rehabilitation and
Resettlement 2007
Cases
Sardar Sarovar Project
Pong Dam
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
Issues and Possible Solutions
refers to the issues, principles and guidelines relating
to human interactions with their environment.
The environmental crisis is an outward manifestation of
the crisis of mind and spirit.
It depends on how we think and act
Human-centric thinking
Man is all powerful and the supreme creature on this earth
and man is master of nature and can harness at his will
Earth-centric thinking
Nature has provided us all the resources for a beautiful
life, she nourishes us like a mother.
We should respect her and nurture her to live on this earth
as a part of it, like any other creation.
Anthropocentric Worldview
A healthy
environment
depends
upon
healthy
economy.
Eco-centric Worldview
Nature exists not for human beings alone, but for all the
species.
development
and
discourages
earth-
degrading development.
healthy
economy
depends
upon
healthy
environment.
all
forms of life
Climate change
Climate is average weather of an
area
Control temperature, evaporation
rate, seasons, moisture content.
Conditions if prevail for 30 yearsits
said to be the climate of an area
Currently Climate is Changing
Facts
Unsustainable consumption patterns
of the rich industrialized nations are
responsible for the threat of climate
change.
Only 25% of the global population lives in
these countries, but they emit more than
70% of the total global CO 2 emissions and
consume 75 to 80% of many of the other
resources of the world.
Impacts of enhanced
greenhouse effect
Solution
Renewable energy
Biofuels
Afforestation
Reduce the current rate of CFCs
use
Trap methane for fuel
Potential of algae in Carbon
dioxide utilization
Sustainable agriculture
Acid
Rain
ACID RAIN
Effects:
(i) Damage the heritage structures and monuments
(ii) Soil nutrients are washed away and soil structure is
damaged
(iii) Aquatic life is seriously affected due to acidic nature
of water
(iv) Affects the plant structure
OZONE LAYER
The ozone layer is a layer is a layer in the
earths atmosphere which contains 90% of
atmospheric ozone (O3). The ozone layer is
found in the lower portion of the stratosphere
from about 20 to 30 km above earths surface.
Its thickness varies seasonly and geographically.
FORMATION OF OZONE
LAYER
The ozone layer or the ozone forms by conversion
of atmospheric oxygen(O2) into ozone (O3), this
process is called as Chapman cycle .
The
oxygen get photolyzed by U.V.rays to form
oxygen radical.
U.V. Light
2
O
O2
O3
2
O3
OZONE DEPLETION
Decrease in concentration of ozone and
thinning of ozone layer is called Ozone depletion.
From industries and our day to day life many
gases like Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) , Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) , halons, halogens,
etc. get evolved in atmosphere which are mainly
responsible for ozone depletion, as it contains or
produce Chlorine (Cl) atom.
lets take look at the process of ozone depletion---
PROCESS OF OZONE
DEPLETION
O3
O
O2
O2
NET REACTION :
U.V. Light
O3
OZONE HOLE
As a result of ozone depletion, over
Antarctica the ozone hole is formed. This ozone
hole leads to melting of ice of Antarctica, increase
in sea level and other harmful effects on its
environment.
PREVENTIONS
WASTELAND RECLAMATION
Wasteland: Economically unproductive lands suffering from
environmental deterioration , e.g.- salt affected lands, sandy areas,
undulating uplands, barren hill-ridge etc.
Wastelands are formed by natural processes, which include undulating
uplands, snow-covered lands, coastal saline areas, sandy areas etc.
Anthropogenic activities leading to waste land formation are
deforestation, overgrazing, mining and erroneous agricultural practices
objectives:
To improve the physical structure and quality of the marginal soils
To improve the availability of good quality water for irrigating these
lands
To prevent soil erosion, flooding and landslides
To conserve the biological resources of the land for sustainable use.
concept can be explained by using the model of Paul Ehrlich and John Hodlren (1972):
ENVIRONMENTAL
LEGISLATION
ACTS
Wildlife (Protection ) Act, 1972
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1974
Forest (Conservation )Act, 1980
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
The Biomedical waste (Management and
Handling) Rules, 1998
The Municipal Solid Waste (Management
and Handling) Rules, 2000
The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control)
(Amendment)Rules,2002
i.
lion (1972)
Tiger (1973)
Crocodile (1974)
Brown antlered Deer (1981) etc.
Drawbacks:
The main regulatory bodies are the Pollution Control Boards with
following duties and powers
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB):
The SPCB advises the state govt. with respect to the location of any
industry that might pollute a stream or a well
Lays the standards for effluents and is empowered to take samples from
any stream, well or trade effluent or sewage passing through an industry
The sample taken in the presence of the occupier or his agent is divided
into two parts, sealed, signed by both parties and sent for analysis to
some recognized lab. If the samples do not conform to the prescribed
water quality standards(crossing maximum permissible limits), then
consent is refused to the unit
Every industry has to obtain consent from the Board (granted for a fixed
duration) by applying on a prescribed Proforma providing all technical
details, along with a prescribed fee following which analysis of the
effluent is carried out
Contd.
Like the Water Act, the Air Act has
provisions for defining the constitution,
powers and function of Pollution Control
Boards, funds, accounts, audit, penalties
and procedures
As per Section 19, in consultation with the
SPCB, the state government may declare
an area within the state as air pollution
control area and can prohibit the use of any
fuel other than approved one. No individual
can operate or establish any industrial unit
in the air pollution control area without
prior consent of State Board
The Act came into force on Nov. 19, 1986, the birth anniversary of Late
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, who was a pioneer of environmental
protection issues in our country
(ii) The Act has given powers to the Central Government to take measures
to protect and improve environment while the state governments
coordinate the actions
Functions of Central Govt. under this Act include setting up of:
i.
The standards of quality of air, water or soil for various areas and
purposes.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
various
vi. The procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents which
may cause environmental pollution and providing for remedial measures
for such accidents
Public awareness
After the scientific and industrial revolution
in the recent past, there has been immense
impact of man on his environment and
balance of the ecosystem as a whole/the
environment.
Industrialization , urbanisation, deforestation
, use of insecticides, pesticides, improper use
of fertilizers and chemicals in environment
are some contributing factors which
challenged the life of man, animals specially
birds and other organisms.
Human activities are causing many kinds of
environmental pollutions for which public
awareness is necessary.
The Active co-operation of every one, at
every level of social organizations is needed
for issues concerning environment.