MODULE 3

The Carbon
Compound

ORGANIC COMPOUND

Traditionally, the term

organic compound is
used for the compounds
that
are derived from plants
and animals like ethyl

ORGANIC COMPOUND

However, these kinds of

compounds are also
produced artificially. For
example:
alcohol and acetic acid
can be derived from

ORGANIC COMPOUND

Therefore,
how are these
compounds classified as
organic compounds?

ORGANIC COMPOUND

Organic
compounds
are group of
carbon-containing
compounds.

ORGANIC COMPOUND

Organic compounds
contain
carbon and hydrogen

ORGANIC COMPOUND

other organic compounds

are combined with other
elements namely oxygen,
nitrogen, phosphorous,
sulfur, and halogens
(fluorine,

ORGANIC COMPOUND

Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl

alcohol (rubbing alcohol),
acetic acid, acetone and
diesel oil are just some of
the many examples of
useful

ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
AND THEIR USES

GASOLINE
-as fuel for vehicles

ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
AND THEIR USES

KEROSENE
-as fuel for lamps
(gasera)and
portable cooking
stove (kusinilya).
-can be used to remove

ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
AND THEIR USES

LPG (Liquefied
Petroleum Gas)
-as fuel for gas stove
and cars.

ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
AND THEIR USES

ETHANOL
-as disinfectant
-as main ingredient in
liquors

ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
AND THEIR USES

ACETONE
-to remove nail polish

ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
AND THEIR USES

ACETIC ACID
-as component of vinegar
-can be used to threrat
fungal infection

PROPERTIES OF COMMON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

1. ODOR
- the smell of the
compound. Every
compound has its own
specific odor.

PROPERTIES OF COMMON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

3. VOLATILITY
- the measure of the
tendency of a compound
to evaporate or turn into
gaseous state.

PROPERTIES OF COMMON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

2. VISCOSITY
- a measure of liquids
resistance to flow.

PROPERTIES OF COMMON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

4. FLAMMABILITY
- the measure of how
easily the material burns.

QUESTION AND ANSWER

Which material is most

viscous?
LUBRICATING OIL

QUESTION AND ANSWER

What are the common

uses of viscous
materials?
Common
uses of viscous
materials or liquids are used
to lubricate parts of machines,
instruments, or appliances
such as motor of electric fan;

QUESTION AND ANSWER

Which materials are

flammable?
Kerosene and ethyl alcohol.

In what ways are these

Although ethyl alcohol is also flammable,
materials
used?
it is not used as fuel for stoves or lamps
only. It is also used as a component of
biofuels for vehicles, as an ingredient for

QUESTION AND ANSWER

Which material have

strong odor?
KEROSENE
Which material have
weak odor?
ETHYL ALCOHOL

QUESTION AND ANSWER

Why is it important to
know the properties of
these kinds of organic
It iscompounds?
important to have
knowledge about the
properties of these
compounds

STRUCTURAL FORMULA

- a formula for a
molecular compound that
indicates the atoms
present and the bonding
sequence of the atoms.

CONDENSED FORMULA

- a formula for a
molecular compound that
indicates the bonding
sequence without
showing all the bonds.

BOILING POINT

- the temperature at
which a liquid evaporates
or becomes vapor.

COMMON GROUPS OF
HYDROCARBON

1. ALKANES
- hydrocarbon compounds that only
have single bonds in the compounds.
Alkanes are also known as saturated
hydrocarbons because additional
hydrogen atoms can no longer bond
in the compound. The first alkane is
methane, CH4, and the second
member is ethane, CH3CH3, which

COMMON GROUPS OF
HYDROCARBON

2. ALKENES
- hydrocarbons that have one or more
carbon-carbon double bonds in their
structures. The name of alkene
compounds end in ene.
The simplest alkenes are ethene,
CH2CH2, and propene, CH2CHCH3.

COMMON GROUPS OF
HYDROCARBON

3. ALKYNES
- contain at least one carbon-carbon
triple bond. The most common alkyne
compound is ethyne or acetylene.

QUESTION AND ANSWER

What are the types of bonds

present in the following: alkanes,
alkenes,
alkynes?
Compounds
in and
the alkanes
group
only have single bonds between
carbon atoms.
Alkenes have at least one double
bond between carbon atoms in
the
compounds. Alkynes have at least

QUESTION AND ANSWER

Using Tables 1 to 3, what pattern

do you observe in terms of the
phase, number of
carbon atoms, structure and
boiling point of the alkanes,
The physical
state
of
the
alkanes
alkenes, and alkynes?
from methane to butane is gas,
and from
pentane to octane: liquid.

QUESTION AND ANSWER

The reason for this is related to

the structure of the compounds.
If the molecule of the compound
is small it interacts less with each
other. Just like methane, it is
likely to be a gaseous compound.

QUESTION AND ANSWER

The trend of the phase of

compounds is also the same with
the alkenes and alkynes. The
phase of alkenes and alkynes is a
gas when a molecule is small and
becomes liquid as the molecules
become bigger.

QUESTION AND ANSWER

When the molecules become

bigger in size or structure, they
can closely interact with each
other and they will become more
likely to be liquid just like in the
case of octane. Octane molecules
has a very long chained structure
the makes it heavy to be a

QUESTION AND ANSWER

The trend in the structures of the

compounds in alkanes, alkenes,
and alkynes is
the same. The size of the
structures of the compounds is
increasing because the
compounds become bigger or

QUESTION AND ANSWER

Why do you think some hydrocarbons

are gases and others are liquids?

The reason why there are

hydrocarbons that are gases and
liquids is because of the structure
or the size of the molecules of the
compounds. When the molecules
are small, they tend to interact less
among each other. Smaller

QUESTION AND ANSWER

As the structures of the

compounds become bigger, they
also interact more with
each other. Bigger molecules
that interact with each other
more strongly require
higher temperature to evaporate.
That is why they have a higher

QUESTION AND ANSWER

And when molecules have bigger

structures, they interact more with
each other. Thus, bigger molecules
then tend to settle in
liquid state.

QUESTION AND ANSWER

Why do you think there are many

hydrocarbon compounds?
The reason for so many hydrocarbon
compounds is the carbon atom.
Carbon atoms have four valence
electrons. This atomic structure of
the carbon makes it possible to form
many types of bonds with other
elements and with other carbon

QUESTION AND ANSWER

What hydrocarbon compounds are

gases and liquids? What are the uses of
gaseous hydrocarbon compounds and
liquid hydrocarbon compounds?

Common examples of gaseous

hydrocarbon compounds are
methane, butane, propene,
and ethyne (acetylene).

QUESTION AND ANSWER

Methane gas is the most common

hydrocarbon. It is used as fuel for
cigarette lighters and LPG.
It is also mixed with other fuel for
Butane gas is vehicles.
used as fuel, blended
with other hydrocarbons to produce
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and is
also used as fuel cigarette lighter.
The color of the flame when butane is
used in cigarette lighter is blue..

QUESTION AND ANSWER

Ethyne gas or commonly known as

acetylene is used commonly in flame
torch that is
used in welding of iron, and it is also
used for hastening the ripening of
Examples of common liquid
fruits.
hydrocarbons are octane and
pentene.
Octane and pentene are used as

CALCIUM CARBIDE

CaC2 is a compound commonly

known as kalburo. This
substance is used to speed up the
ripening of fruits.
When it reacts with water such as
moisture in the air, ethyne is
produced.

PROPERTIES OF ETHYNE

What are the properties of ethyne and

explain how it can introduce ripening
of when
fruits?
This is because
calcium carbide
(kalburo) reacts with the moisture in the
air, acetylene gas is produced.
Acetylene gas is the compound that
makes the ripening of the fruits becomes
faster. Acetylene imitates the action of the
natural ripening agent called ethene or
ethylene (C2H4).
Ethene or ethylene is a plant hormone

FUNCTIONAL GROUP

- a group of atoms that are bonded to the

molecule. This group is responsible for
the characteristics or property of that
compound.

HYDROXYL GROUP

Alcohols have hydroxyl group (-OH).

If you are going to observe the structures
of ethyl, isopropyl, and methyl alcohol,
you will notice the hydroxyl group (-OH)
in their structures.

ALCOHOL

Alcohols are a group of organic

compounds that contain a hydroxyl group,
-OH, that is chemically bonded to a
carbon atom in the compound.

USES OF ALCOHOL

They have special uses such as

a disinfectant, fuel, and as a main
component
(ethyl alcohol) of liquor and other
alcoholic drinks.

STRUCTURES OF ALCOHOL

NAME
OF
PRODUCTS

NAME OF
ALCOHOL/S
PRESENT IN
THE
PRODUCT

PERCENTAGE
(%) OF
ALCOHOL IN
THE
PRODUCT

USES

Brand X alcohol

Ethyl alcohol

70%

Disinfectant/
Antiseptic

Rubbing alcohol

Isopropyl
alcohol

70%

Disinfectant/
Antiseptic

Denatured
alcohol

Ethyl alcohol
and Methyl
alcohol

95% ethyl and

5% methyl
alcohol

Fuel for lamps

and portable
stoves

QUESTION AND ANSWER

What type of bonds are present in ethyl

alcohol,
methyl alcohol, and in isopropyl alcohol?

The structures of the alcohols

in this activity only have single

QUESTION AND ANSWER

What accounts for the similar physical

properties of alcohols?
Alcohols have the same hydroxyl group
as their functional group that is why
they have some similar properties or
characteristics.

CARBONYL GROUPS

Carbonyl containing compounds are

organic compounds that contain
carbonyl functional group, which is
composed of a carbon atom doublebonded to an oxygen atom: C=O

ACETONE

Acetone is also one of the compounds

that are commonly used.
It is used in removing nail polish.
It is also used as solvent in some
industrial preparations, such as
production of plastic materials.

FORMALIN

Formaldehyde is a compound that is

commonly known as formalin.
Its common use is to preserve organic
materials because of its ability to
crosslink proteins including enzymes.
This is also the reason why this kind of
organic compound is used in
embalming process.

QUESTION AND ANSWER

What type of bonds do the acetone and

formaldehyde have in their structures?

The structures of acetone, and

formaldehyde all have single and
double bonds.

QUESTION AND ANSWER

Formalin and acetone are common

carbonyl containing compounds.
Why do you think they both belong in
the group of carbonyl containing
compounds?
The structures of acetone, and
formaldehyde both have carbonyl
functional group.
These make them carbonyl containing