1.

SUDDEN ENGLARGEMENT

-The

effective area available for flow gradually increases from

smaller pipe to larger pipe.

Thus, fluid with high velocity will be injected into relatively slow
moving fluid.
-

1. SUDDEN ENGLARGEMENT

1. SUDDEN ENGLARGEMENT
The change in pressure -Pf is therefore given by;

The loss of head hf is given by;

Taken U1A1=U2A2

Optimum of taper
1.Circular pipe = 7o
2.Rectangular duct = 11o

2. SUDDEN CONTRACTION

Vena Contracta- Short distance when a

sudden contraction is approached, then
flow continues to decrease.
After vena contracta the flow area
gradually approaches the smaller pipe.

The change in pressure -Pf is therefore given by;

The loss of head hf is given by;

For common value of Cc of 0.67;

EXERCISE 1:
Water flow at 3.6 m3/h through a sudden
enlargement from a 30 mm to a 40 mm diameter
pipe. What is the loss in head?

PIPE FITTINGS

Most pipes are fabricated from steel with or without small

alloying ingredients, and they are welded or drawn to give
a seamless pipe.
The normal metal piping is supplied in standard lengths of
about 6 m and these are joined to give longer lengths as
required.
A very large range of pipe fittings is available to enable
branching and changes in size to be incorporated into
industrial pipe layouts.
Typical pipe-fittings are shown in C&R book, Figures 3.17
and 3.18 and details of other valve types are given in
Volume 6.

Table 3.2: Friction losses in various pipe fittings for turbulent flow of fluid and are
expressed in terms of the equivalent length of straight pipe with the same
resistance.

EXERCISE 1:
2.27 m3/h water at 320 K (=0.65 mNs/m2) is
pumped in a 40 mm i.d. pipe through a distance of
150 m in a horizontal direction and then up
through a vertical height of 10 m. In the pipe there
is a control valve for which the friction loss may be
taken as equivalent to 200 pipe diameters and also
other pipe fittings equivalent to 60 pipe diameters.
Also in the line is a heat exchanger across which
there is a loss in head of 1.5 m of water. If the
main pipe has a roughness of 0.2 mm, what power
must be supplied to the pump if it is 60 per cent
efficient?

EXERCISE 2:12m

A
B

0.2 m3/s recycle water containing hardness (=1250kg/m3 and = 1.5

mNs/m2) is pumped to the top of washing tank to remove hardness
through a 50 m pipe length (id=200mm). Water flow in and out from
washing tank through a get valve and the fittings is using elbow
standard radius.
a)

Calculate reynold number and define the flow pattern

b)

Determine pressure loss due to friction from A to B (consider friction by

the washing tank is 200 times pipe diameter.

c)

Determine the power required to pump the water due to the head loss
cause by the total friction.