BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

D. C. KULSHRESHTHA,
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Chapter 6
Magnetic
Circuits

D.C. Kulshreshtha

Next

Thought of the DAY

There are no secrets to success.
It is the result of
preparation, hard work,
and learning from
failure.
--Colin Powell..
Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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Topics to be Discussed

Magnetomotive Force (MMF).

Magnetic Field Strength (H).
Magnetic Permeability.
Reluctance (R).
Analogy between Electric and Magnetic
Circuits.
Composite Magnetic Circuit.

Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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Introduction

Unlike electric field lines, the lines of magnetic

flux form closed loops.

A magnetic circuit is a closed path followed by

lines of magnetic flux.

A copper wire, because of its high conductivity,

confines the electric current within itself.

Similarly, a ferromagnetic material (such as iron

or steel), due to its high permeability, confines
magnetic flux within itself.

Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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Magnetomotive Force (MMF)

The electric current is due to the existence of an

electromotive force (emf).
By analogy, we may say that in a magnetic circuit, the
magnetic flux is due to the existence of a
magnetomotive force (mmf).
mmf is caused by a current flowing through one or more
turns.
The value of the mmf is proportional to the current and
the number of turns.
It is expressed in ampere turns (At).
But for the purpose of dimensional analysis, it is
expressed in amperes.

Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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Magnetic Field Strength

The mmf per metre length of the magnetic circuit

(H)

is termed as the magnetic field strength,

magnetic field intensity, or magnetizing force.
It units are ampere-turns per metre (At/m) .
Its value is independent of the medium .

F IN
H
l
l

Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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Magnetic Permeability ()

If the core of the toroid is vacuum or air, the

magnetic flux density B in the core bears a
definite ratio to the magnetic field strength H.
This ratio is called permeability of free space.
Thus, for vacuum or air,

B
7
0 4 10 Tm/A
H

Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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The flux produced by the given mmf is greatly

increased, if iron replaces the air in the core.

As a result, the flux density B also increases

many times.

In general, we can write B = H.

is called the permeability of the material.

Normally, we write = r 0.

r is called relative permeability (just a number).

Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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Reluctance (R) and

Permeance
(G) circuit is limited by the
The current in an electric

presence of resistance of the electric circuit.

Similarly, the flux in a magnetic circuit is
limited by the presence of the reluctance of the
magnetic circuit,

1 l
1 l
R

A r 0 A
The reciprocal of reluctance is known as
permeance (G).
Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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Magnetic Circuit Theory

For a toroid, mmf, F = NI ampere-turns.
Because of this mmf, a magnetic field of strength
H is set up throughout the length l.
Therefore, F = Hl
If, B is the flux density, total flux is given as
=BA
Dividing, we get
Click
F
BA B A
A
A

r 0

l /( r 0 A)
F Hl H l
l
l

Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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E
I
R

Comparing this with

1 l
We get R
r 0 A

Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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Analogy between Electric and Magnetic Circuits

Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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Example 1
Calculate the magnetomotive force (mmf)
required to produce a flux of 0.015 Wb across an
air gap of 2.5 mm long, having an effective area
of 200 cm2.
Solution :

0.015
B
0.75 T
4
A 200 10
B
0.75
H

597 000 A/m

-7
0 4 10

F Hl 597 000 2.5 10 3 1492 At

Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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Composite Magnetic
Circuit
Case 1 :
l1
R1
1 A1
l2
R2
2 A2

l1
l2
Total Reluctance, R R 1 R 2

1 A1 2 A2
Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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mmf of coil
Total flux,
total reluctance
F
NI

l1
l2
R

1 A1 2 A2

Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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Case 2 : (with air gap)

Total reluctance,

l1
l2
R

1 A 0 A

1
l1

l2
0 A ( 1 / 0 )

1 l1

l2
0 A r

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Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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Since the relative permeability r (= 1/ 0) of steel

is very large (of the order of thousand), the major
contribution in the total reluctance R is by the airgap, though its length l2 may be quite small (say, a
few millimetres).

Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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Kirchhoffs Laws

Kirchhoffs Flux Law (KFL) : The total

magnetic flux towards a junction is equal to the
total magnetic flux away from that junction.

Kirchhoffs Magnetomotive Force Law

(KML) : In a closed magnetic circuit, the
algebraic sum of the product of the magnetic
field strength and the length of each part of the
circuit is equal to the resultant magnetomotive
force.

Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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Steps to solve a problem on magnetic circuit

Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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Review

Magnetomotive Force (MMF).

Magnetic Field Strength (H).
Magnetic Permeability.
Reluctance (R).
Analogy between Electric and Magnetic
Circuits.
Composite Magnetic Circuit.

Wednesday, October 26,

Ch. 6 Magnetic Circuits

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