Introduction To Transmission

Introduction to Transmission
Prepared by:
Eng. Mohammad Hamsho
Transmission Supervisor - MTN-Syr.
Mar-2015
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Agenda
What is the Transmission?
Transmission media requirement.

Transmission Technologies.
Types of Transmission media.
Transmission challenges.
Transmission vendors.
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Introduction
Since eighteenth of the past century; the centers of service provider
had been increased quickly and significantly to serve / cover a wide
geographical area like : Bank stations, Cellular sites, oil fields,
PDNs, etc.
And it is so necessary for these centers to be connected with central
/core network for performing a lot of tasks / functions required to
generate or control the offered service like: Switching, Billing, Remote
control, Performance management, conversion, ..etc.
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Introduction
As we see below an example of distribution of service centers over a geographical
area:
How do I plan the
Transmission Network?
Core
0
20 km
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Introduction
The way of connecting these centers with the core network is called:
Transmission or Transport.
And due to the criticality / volume of the carried data, it have to

impose a strict requirement / rules on the used transmission media to
achieve guarantee data transferring.
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Agenda

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1001001001010
0
1001001001010
0
Far end location
1001001001010
0
Using suitable media of

transportation by supported
hardware.
1001001001010
0
1001001001010
0
1001001001010
0
Ef
tr ec
an t
sm on
is us
si ed
on
ty
pe
.
MU
X
Ef
tra ect
ns on
m
iss use
ion d
ty
pe
Aggregation streams
Single stream
Amount of data with:

- Certain speed.
- Kind of encapsulation.
- Priority
Distanc
e
MU
X
1001001001010
0
1001001001010
0
Near end
location
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PC
ATM
Any site/data center provide amount of data with

some properties to be transferred to fare end side
Far end side
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Cable
FO
MW
FS
O
FSO
Any targeted destination have to deliver the transferred

data.

Distance
Near end side
Printer
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ATM
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Transmission:
3
It means transport amount of data with kind of encapsulation from

location to another location using a suitable media of transportation by
supported hardware.
4
5
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1. Amount of data:
I.
II.
Means capacity (bit per second).

Transmitted data could be classified into:
Critical : like Signaling, banking, emergency, Voice call, ..etc
Non-Critical: Email, Browsing,
Note: the data classification is according to the service provided by the service
provider.
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2. kind of encapsulation:
Encapsulation is the packing of Transferred data and functions into a

single component (Packet, Frame, Certain sequence). For example:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
PDH,SDH (Layer1).
Ethernet, ATM, Frame relay (Layer2).
MPLS (Layer 2.5).
IP : (Layer 3).
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3. from location to another location:
Which means the distance that data have to be transmitted over.

Range of distance may be from 50m, and reach to tens of
kilometers.
The distance affects on the strength of the transmitted signal
(Attenuation).
Also; this distance may be need an excavation in some cases.
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4. Suitable media of transportation:
Transmission media is a pathway / container that carries the

information from sender to receiver.
Transmission media is broadly classified into two groups:

I.
Wired : Cables; Lease lines (E1s, STMs, FO).
II.
Wireless: Microwave, FSO, VSAT.
Data speed (capacity bps) , data encapsulation, distance affect

significantly on used transmission media type.
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5. Supported hardware:
It means the hardware with features and capabilities to carry the transmitted data,
in other words; if the targeted data is Ethernet, this means the hardware must
support Ethernet transport.
Hardware vendors: like Ericsson, Huawei, Cisco, NEC,.
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Agenda
What is the Transmission.

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1. Scalability: to meet the incremental data speed (Bit rate) provided
by data centers.
2. High stability: Stable performance during working period.
3. Reliability: Low BER (ESR,SESR,UAR) caused by used HW.
4. Support data encapsulation: Ethernet, ATM, PDH,SDH,..etc.
5. Long/Short distance support: Up to tens of kilometers.
6. Low TCO: Cost of HW, Installation, Hiring, Digging, Tower,
7. Big MTBF: Main Time between Failure of range 10-20 years.
8. Security: Avoid any possibility for undeclared side to extract the transmitted
data.
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Agenda

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Transmission Technologies
The transmission technology:
It means how the transmission media will deal (switch, route, add, drop ) with
transmitted data, and on which criteria (MAC address, VLAN, IP, Label) it will
depends on to forward the packet.
So transmission technologies depend basically on the encapsulation of data;

Types of data encapsulation are divided as mentioned before - into:
I.
Layer1 : PDH, SDH.
II.
Layer2 : Ethernet, ATM, Frame relay.
III. Layer2.5 : MPLS.
IV. Layer3 : IP.
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Transmission Technologies - PDH
Plesio-Chronous digital hierarchy (PDH):

It is a technology used in telecommunications networks to transport a
quantities of data over digital transport equipment such as fiber optic,
microwave, cables..etc.
The term Plesio-chronous is derived from Greek plsios, meaning near,

and chronos meaning time,
It refers to the fact that PDH networks run in a state where different
parts of the network are nearly, but not quite perfectly synchronized.
which means work at same data rate with slight difference.
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In order words, PDH allows transmitting data streams that are nominally
running at the same rate, but allowing some variation on the speed
around a nominal rate.
By analogy, any two watches are nominally running at the same rate,
clocking up 60 seconds every minute. However, there is no link between
watches to guarantee they run at exactly the same rate, and it is highly
likely that one is running slightly faster than the other.
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Types of PDH:
PDH types are : E1, E2, E3, E4.
E1 :
I.
II.
III.
IV.
It is a standard bit speed which equal to: 2048 kbps.

It could be carried over : Cable, MW, FO, VSAT,etc.
It is Layer 1 connection (Connection oriented, reserved from end to end).
Way of calculation:
Pphone=4Khz (Heart signals BW)*2(Shanoun factor)*8 (8 bits for one sample).

Pphone = 64 Kbps.
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With Multiplexing 32 channels of (64Kbps) resulting 2.048 Mbps = E1.
Multiplexing
De-Multiplexing
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Drawing of E1 structure:
T31
T16
T2 T1 T0
Each Time slot is representing 64 kbps.

TS0 : used for synchronization.
TS16 : used for Signaling, like: Control, Call setup,etc.
TS1 - TS15, TS17 - TS31 : These time slots are used for user data.
Note: E1 could be channelized (consist of 32 TS 64kbps), or non-channelized

(One block 2.048 Mbps).
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With Multiplexing 4 channels of (E1=
2.048Mbps) resulting 8.448Mbps =
E2.
Multiplexing
De-Multiplexing
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With Multiplexing 4 channels of (E2=
8.448Mbps) resulting 34.368Mbps =
E3.
Multiplexing
De-Multiplexing
Time
r
a
e
N
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Positives:
I.
Layer1 Connection oriented.
II. Easy to configure it.

III. Widely used especially at STE.
Negatives:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Totally reserved for a certain data center (not sharing).

Not Secured.
When using E2, E3, E4 and need to extract a certain E1, we have to drop all E2,
E3, E4 to origin components (E1s), and then get the needed E1.
The circuits that will be multiplexed into PDH frame must be working at same data
rate, which is likely not feasible.
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Synchronization Meaning:
Synchronization means that all devices belonging to same network are

working at same clock , which means that all bits belonging to many
devices of different bit rate have same width (Interval).
At the receiver, to interpret the signal correctly, the receiver bit

interval must match exactly to the senders bit interval. If the receiver
clock is faster or slower, the bit intervals are not matched. So the
output will be wrong.
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Transmission Technologies - SDH

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH):
It is a standardized transport protocol defined by ETSI that

transfer/carry multiple digital bit streams (many different services)
synchronously over physical media like optical fiber (high rate),
electrical interface (Low rate: cables, Microwave).
This protocol was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital

Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting amounts of data without
synchronization problems.
Type of SDM: STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, STM-64.
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Transmission Technologies SDH

STM-1 Constructer:
STM-1 is one type of SDH

protocol.
STM consist of 63E1s .

The figure beside shows
the way of mapping
63xE1 into STM-1.
Justification bits
Low order POH

Pointer
TUG-2
6.912Mbit/s
(=3xE1)
x3
E1
x7
+ Pointer
E1 2.048Mbit/s
C-12 2.224Mbit/s
VC-12 2.240Mbit/s
TU-12 2.304Mbit/s
TUG-3
49.536Mbit/s
(=21xE1)
x3
+ High order POH
+ Stuffing
STM-1
155.52Mbit/s
+ SOH
+ Pointer
VC-4
(=63xE1)
150.336Mbit/s
5.184Mbit/s
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K: TUG-3 #1
1
L:
TUG-2 #1
#2
#3
#5
#6
#7
#5
#6
#7
#5
#6
#7
K: TUG-3 #2
KLM: 1.1.1
L:
#4
TUG-2 #1
#2
#3
#4
K: TUG-3 #3 K
L:
TUG-2 #1
#2
#3
#4
270
M: TU-12 #1
#2
#3
#1
#2
#3
KLM: 3.7.3
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STM-1 frame :
Low Order POH:
Columns
supervises path quality and

protection switching (end to end
supervision of traffic)
RSOH :
Used for communication channels

Rows
between Regenerators or a
Regenerator and a Multiplexer
n x 9 columns
STM-n
1
n x 261 columns
9 10
270
R.Section
Overhead
(RSOH)
AU-pointer
5
M.Section
Overhead
(MSOH)
MSOH :
Used for communication channels

between Multiplexers.
64kbit/s
VC-4
Traffic + Path Overhead
150,336 Mbit/s
261 columns
125s (155,52 Mbit/s)

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Physical network supervision

Terminal multiplexer, TM,
Add-Drop multiplexer, ADM
Digital Cross-Connect, DXC
Regenerator (Optical or Radio)
SDH
Sonet
PDH
ATM
IP
TM
Reg.
RSOH/SOH
RSOH/SOH
MSOH/LOH
TM
ADM
DXC
Reg.
PDH
ATM
IP
RSOH/SOH
MSOH/LOH
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STM-4: It is formed by multiplexing of four STM-1,
STM-1 could be used in one of tow scenarios:

1. Channelized STM: Which means it could be de-multiplexed into 63 E1s (in other
words it equals to 126 Mbps, and other throughput (155Mbps-126 Mbps) is a headers.
2. Non-channelized STM: It equals to 155 Mbps as one block; which means it couldnt
be de-multiplexed into 63E1s. Also, all header functions (POH, RSOH, MSOH,) will
be disabled.
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Transmission Technologies - SDH

Positives:
I.
Layer1 Connection oriented.
II. Easy to configure it.

III. KLM addressing method.
IV. Synchronized transport media.
V. Could carry many type of data like ATM, Ethernet using some featured HWs.
VI. Widely used especially at STE.
VII. Could be used as channelized and non-channelized STM.
Negatives:
I.
II.
Totally reserved for a certain data center (not sharing).

Not Secured.
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Transmission Technologies ATM

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
It is a switching technique for telecommunication networks.

It uses asynchronous time-division multiplexing,
It encodes data into small, fixed-sized cells (53 bytes = 48 payload + 5 header).
Payload carrying different types of traffic.
Low switch latency.
This differs from networks such as the Internet or Ethernet LANs that use variable
sized packets or frames.
53 Bytes
Payload
48 Bytes
Sequence of ATM cells

Header
5 Bytes
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VC
ATM has functional similarity with both circuit

switched networking and small packet
switched networking.
VC
VC
VP
VP
IF: A
This makes it a good choice for a network that

must handle high-speed data traffic.
ATM uses a connection-oriented model in

which a virtual circuit must be established
between two endpoints (using VPI, VCI) before
the actual data exchange begins.
ATM Switch
IF: B
VP
IF: C
VP
VC
VC
VC
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ATM Header construction:
GFC: Generic flow control (000=uncontrolled access)

VPI: Virtual path identifier.
VCI: Virtual channel identifier.
PT: Payload Type.
CLP: Cell loss priority
HEC: Header error control
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Transport Channel for ATM:
Virtual Path, (VP):
VC
VC
VC
VC
VC
VC
VC
VC
VC
VC
VC
VC
VC
VC
VPI : Identifies which path the ATM cell belongs to.

Virtual path contains several VC
Simplifies addressing and switching
Virtual Channel (VC).
VC
PDH (E1, E2....).

SDH (STM-1 , STM-4,...).
VP
E1
VP
E1
VP
E1
VP
E1
VC
VP VC
VC
VC
VP VC
VC
VC
VP VC
VC
VC
VP VC
VC
VC
VP
VC
VC
STM-1
VPI #
VCI #
Virtual connection between two endpoints Carrying the

actual traffic.
VCI: Identifies which channel the ATM cell belongs to.
E1
VP
VC
VP
VP
VC
VC
VP Transport VP
channel
VP
VP
VC
B
Router
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VP cross-connect:
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VC cross-connect:
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Transmission Technologies
Ethernet
Ethernet: it is a standard kind of proteocol that is used for communication among devices,
provided many functions apllied on data transition such as Switching, VLAN, Q in Q, QOS.
OSI Model
7
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network (IP)
Layer 2
Data link
Layer 1
Physical
Layer 2
MAC address
Application
TCP/IP
Ethernet
Hardcoded, globally unique address

Addressing within a network
Layer 1
Physical interface and cabling
- 10Base-T - - - 1000Base-T, 1000Base-LX
- HDLC over nxE1 or nxDS1
- GFP over nxVC-12, nxVC-3 or nxVC-4
Media, connector, cable, speed
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Transmission Technologies Ethernet

Ethernet interface, Layer 1 - Examples
Very
old
Old
Quite
modern
Modern
10Base-5
10Base-T
100Base-T
1000Base-T
1000Base-LX/ZX
10Mbit/s,
10Mbit/s,
Coaxial cable, 500m

Twisted pair cable, 100m
100Mbit/s, Twisted pair cable, 100m

1000Mbit/s, Twisted pair cable, 100m
1000Mbit/s, Opto
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MAC address, Layer 2:
Media Access Control address
Hard coded and globally exclusive NIC
address
Ethernet way of addressing
In total 48 bit (6 bytes)
-24 bit Organization Unique Identifier,
OUI, the manufacturer
-24 bit serial number
OUI assigned by IEEE, www.ieee.org
00.01.EC.F8.AA.01
or
00/01/EC/F8/AA/01
or
00-01-EC-F8-AA-01
OUI
Ser. number
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Standard Ethernet frame:
Start Frame Delimiter
1 byte
Destination MAC address 6 bytes
Preamble
7 bytes
Source MAC address 6

bytes
Data
46 1500 bytes
Frame Check Sequence

Type of data 2
bytes
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VLAN Ethernet Frame:
Start Frame Delimiter
VLAN tag
Eth
Priority
3 bits, PCP
Priority range 0-7

for QoS
Type of data
VLAN: 8100
Tok
Ethernet: 0
(Token Ring: 1)
Data
46 1500 bytes
FCS
Dest.
Preamble
Source
2 fields added (2 byte/field)
Type of data
2 bytes
VLAN identity, VID
12 bits
VID range: 0-4095 (0-4094)

VID 0: No VLAN, only priority bits used. Priority tagged
VID 1: Default VID, all ports, avoid
VID 1001-1023: Cisco specific, dont use
VID 4095: Dont use
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Agenda

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Types of Transmission media

Transmission media:
It is a pathway / container that carries the information from sender to receiver.
Transmission media is broadly classified into two groups:

I.
II.
Wireless: Microwave, FSO, VSAT.

Wired : Cables; Lease lines (E1s, STMs, FO).
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Wireless:
Microwave,
FSO,
VSAT.
Wired:
Cables;
Lease lines (E1s, STMs, FO).
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Wireless:
Microwave,
FSO,
VSAT.
Wired:
Cables;
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Types of Transmission media - WIreless

Wireless communication:
It is a transfer of information
between two or more points that
are not connected by wire using
the advantages of propagation of
electromagnetic signals.
Examples : MW , FSO , VSAT.
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Types of Transmission media - Wireless

Wireless communication:
o
When talking on Wireless; it means that we have to consider the following facts:
4.
Transceiver properties (Freq, PWR, HW).

Capacity (bit per second).
Bandwidth (MHz): The range of frequencies that the data signal consist of .
Modulation : The method of carrying data signal over RF signal.
5.
Distance m : That data will be transmitted over.
1.
2.
3.
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Types of Transmission media - Wireless
iver
Transce
n,
Modulatio
,
y
it
c
a
p
a
: Freq. C
RF signal width
nd
power, Ba
FSO
FSO
r.
q1 , Pw
RX: Fre
r.
q2, Pw
TX: Fre
r.
q1 , Pw
TX: Fre
10010001110101
0
2 , Pwr.
RX: Freq
BW
10010001110101
0
e
Distanc
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Types of Transmission media - WIreless

Electromagnetic Spectrum:
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Wireless:
Microwave,
FSO,
VSAT.
Wired:
Cables;
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Types of Transmission media-Wireless- MW

pacity,
: Freq. Ca
RF signal Bandwidth
dulation,
Mo
eiver
Transc
r.
q1 , Pw
RX: Fre
r.
q2, Pw
TX: Fre
r.
q1 , Pw
TX: Fre
10010001110101
0
2 , Pwr.
RX: Freq
BW
10010001110101
0
e
Distanc
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Agenda:
1. What is the Microwave.
2. Microwave properties.
a. Software Properties.
b. Hardware Properties.
c. Additional features.
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Agenda:
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Microwave definition:
It is a media that is used to transfer data guaranteed

3 between tow locations taking advantages of propagation
of electromagnetic in the air.
4
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1. Data
Encapsulation
Capacity
L1 : PDH
2E1, 4E1, 8E1,--> 80E1s
L1 : SDH
1STM1, STM-4, STM-16, STM-64
L2 : ATM
Over PDH, SDH, Ethernet
L2 : Ethernet
x Mbps
y Gbps
Criticality
Critical: like
Signaling, VIP,
Voice, Bank,
Emergency.
Non-Critical: Mail,
Background, Browsing...
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2. Guaranteed Transmitting
Accepted level of Rx received signal, FM fade margin.
Overcome climate changes ( rain, fog, wind , snow).
Provide kind of protection : 1+1, SNCP, ERPS.
Avoid any possible interference.
Activate some features to improve service delivery like :
AM : Adaptive modulation.
ATPC, RTPC,
Working standby.
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3. Distance.
It is the distance that data will be carried over. It will affect on :
1. Frequency of used microwave.
2. Transmit power.
3. Antenna size (gain).
4. Data capacity.
5. Modulation.
6. Rain factor.
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3. Distance.
Factor
Low distance
Long Distance
1. Frequency GHz
80, 70, 38,
, 15, 13, 11, 6,
2. TX PWR
Low TX Pwr.
High TX Pwr.
3. Antenna size cm
20, 30, .
, 120, 180, 240,
4. Data capacity
High capacity up to
1Gbps
Low capacity (32

E1s, 16E1s, .
5. Modulation
High QAM (1024

QAM)
16 QAM, CQPSK
6. Rain factor
Depends on geographical area

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4. Propagation of electromagnetic wave
Electromagnetic wave is the carrier that will carry the targeted data,
Below some specification for this carrier :
1. Frequency GHz. 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15,.38, 40,70, 80.
2. Polarization: V, H, VH.
3. Modulation : CQPSK, 16QAM, up to 1024 QAM.
4. Transmit power dbm.
5. Bandwidth (channel spacing) Hz : 3.5, 7, 14, 28, 56 MHz.
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Agenda:
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When we want to study a microwave, we have to consider three properties:
Software properties
1. Frequency.
2. Modulation.
3. Bandwidth.
4. TX power.
Hardware properties
1.
Antenna.
2.
Radio.
3.
Modular.
4.
Service cards
5.
Accessories.
Additional features
HW protection:
1+1 HSB.
1+1 HSB SD.
1+1 WSB FD.
1+1 WSB FD, SD
Service protection.
Ring (L1 Protection, L2
Protection).
Adaptive Modulation.
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The Microwave study consist of Three properties:
Software properties
1. Frequency.
2. Modulation.
3. Bandwidth.
4. TX power.
Hardware properties
1.
Antenna.
2.
Radio.
3.
Modular.
4.
Service cards
5.
Accessories.
Additional features
HW protection:
1+1 HSB.
1+1 HSB SD.
1+1 WSB FD.
1+1 WSB FD, SD
Service protection.
Protection).
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Software properties
1. Frequency.
2. Modulation.
3. Bandwidth.
4. TX power.
Hardware properties
1.
Antenna.
2.
Radio.
3.
Modular.
4.
Service cards
5.
Accessories.
Additional features
HW protection:
1+1 HSB.
1+1 HSB SD.
1+1 WSB FD.
1+1 WSB FD, SD
Service protection.
Protection).
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Frequency:
Software
Choice the suitable RF signal frequency

to serve data transmission over the
planned distance.
In Microwave; each Transceiver will
transmit on Frequency and receive on
different frequency, same thing for far end
Transceiver but in reverse, this will result
Low & High frequencies.
Factor
Low distance
Long Distance
1. Frequency GHz
80, 70, 38,
, 15, 13, 11, 6,
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Software - Frequency
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Low/High Frequencies:
Each frequency used in communication systems

is divided into tow bands as drawn beside:
Low band : used for Transmit or receive.
High band: used inverse of the low band.
This way of division is called Duplex.
Further to that; each band is divided into subbands (ITU standards), each sub-band is
defined by number like 11/15 :
11: is Sub-band in Low band of 18GHz.
15: is Sub-band in High band of 18GHz.
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Below some example of division at different frequencies.
Each radio provided by vendor must work on a certain sub-band (Low or High) at certain frequency,
Also it must work with the corresponding radio that work on the reverse sub-band (High or Low).
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Each sub-band is divided into channels of 28MHz, which are hired to the
operators or reserved for certain assignment.
18GHz / 11 Low band
28 MHz
28 MHz
28 MHz
28 MHz
Each channel 28MHz could be used completely or divided

into channels of 14MHz or 7 MHz or 3.5 MHz, or even use
two channels of 28 as 56 MHz, that is according to the
capacity of transmitted data & used Modulation (this relation
will be explained in the coming slides)
14
7
3,5
14
7
3,5
3,5
7
3,5
3,5
7
3,5
3,5
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Software properties
1. Frequency.
2. Modulation.
3. Bandwidth.
4. TX power.
Hardware properties
1.
Antenna.
2.
Radio.
3.
Modular.
4.
Service cards
5.
Accessories.
Additional features
HW protection:
1+1 HSB.
1+1 HSB SD.
1+1 WSB FD.
1+1 WSB FD, SD
Service protection.
Protection).
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Modulation scheme:
Software
It is the process of varying / changing one or more properties of a periodic

waveform, called the carrier signal (high frequency signal), according to
user data variety ( Analog signal, Digital signal) .
In the digital systems, It is a procedure of carrying Digital signal (Data) over Radio
signal (RF), this kind of modulation is called Shift Keying Modulation.
There are three Kinds of Shift Keying Modulation:
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Software - Modulation
1. ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying.
Change of the Amplitude of RF signal according to Digital signal (Data).
Expose significantly to the noise which leads to high bit error rate BER.
Have a big bandwidth (MHz).
2. FSK: Frequency Shift Keying.
Change of the Frequency of RF signal according to Digital signal (Data).
Expose significantly to the noise which leads to high bit error rate BER.
Have a big bandwidth (MHz).
3. PSK: Phase Shift Keying.
Change of the Phase of RF signal according to Digital signal (Data).
Less expose to the noise with BER lower that ASK, FSK.
Due to above; it is the more widely used in the telecom.
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Change in Amplitude
Change in Phase
Change in
Frequency
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Types of PSK modulation:

Binary PSK (BPSK):
In the is type ; only two symbols of digital signal

used to modulate RF signal.
Two symbols means that 1 & 0 not more.
1. 0 : change the phase of RF with .
2. 1 : change the phase of RF with 180 +
Conclusion: Using this type of modulation means that each change
on RF signal phase is corresponding to one bit only (0 or 1).
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Quadrature PSK (QPSK):
In the is type ; only Four symbols of digital

signal used to modulate RF signal.
Four symbols: means 00,01,10 & 11
1. 00 : change the phase of RF with .
2. 01 : change the phase of RF with +90
Conclusion: Using this type of modulation means that each change on RF
signal phase is corresponding to two bits only (00,01,10 or 11).
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8PSK :
In the is type ; only eight symbols of digital signal used to

modulating RF signal.
Eight(=) symbols means each symbol length=3bits only.
000 : change the phase of RF with .

001 : change the phase of RF with +45


signal phase is corresponding to three bits only
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Note on PSK modulation:
8-PSK is absent from Modulation schemes because its error-rate

performance is close to that of 16-QAM (it is only about 0.5 dB
better) but its data rate is only three-quarters that of 16-QAM. Thus
8-PSK is often omitted from standards, and The modulation schemes
tend to 'jump' from QPSK to 16-QAM.
8-QAM is possible but difficult to implement.
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QAM modulation:
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation.

Quadrature: Means Sin wave + Cosine wave, (Same signal with
difference in their phase equal to 90 degrees.
Amplitude : mean the level of Modulated signal.
QAM procedure means change Phase & Amplitude of RF signal
according to Digital signal.
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QAM modulation:
QAM = Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Quadrature = Sine Wave + Cosine Wave
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Software Modulation-16QAM
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Software Modulation-QAM
QUADBIT CODE: 0000
0 0 0 0 ==> -135 degrees 0.311 V
0.22 sin(ct ) 0.22 cos(ct ) 0.311 sin(ct 135 )

PROOF:
sin( X Y ) sin X cos Y cos X sin Y
0.311 sin( 2fct 135 ) 0.311 sin( 2fct ) cos(135) 0.311 cos( 2fct ) sin(135)
0.311 sin( 2fct 135 ) 0.311( 0.707 ) sin( 2fct ) 0.311( 0.707 ) cos( 2fct )
0.311 sin( 2fct 135 ) 0.22 sin( 2fct ) 0.22 cos( 2fct )
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Types of QAM modulation:

16 QAM:
Phase
Amplitude
In the is type ; Sixteen symbols of digital signal used
to modulate RF signal.
Sixteen symbols (=) : means four bits per symbol.
Each symbol will modulate the RF signal with
certain Amplitude
r and certain phase .

signal (phase & Amplitude) is corresponding to Four bits .
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32 QAM:
In the is type ; Thirty tow symbols of digital signal
used to modulate RF signal.

Thirty tow symbols (=) : means Five bits per symbol.
Each symbol will modulate the RF signal with certain
Amplitude
r and certain phase .

signal (phase & Amplitude) is corresponding to Five bits .
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QAM Modulation reach now up to 1024QAM :
Which mean 1024 symbols corresponding to 10 bits per change (Phase &
Amplitude) on RF signal.
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The table below shows the efficiency of each Modulation type

Mod. Type
Symbol
Bit per Symbol
Capacity increment
ratio
BPSK
QPSK
50%
16QAM
16
50%
32QAM
32
25%
64QAM
64
20%
128QAM
128
16.7%
256QAM
256
14.3%
512QAM
512
12.5%
1024QAM
1024
10
11.1%
Power needed
Suitable distance
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Software properties
1. Frequency.
2. Modulation.
3. Bandwidth.
4. TX power.
Hardware properties
1.
Antenna.
2.
Radio.
3.
Modular.
4.
Service cards
5.
Accessories.
Additional features
HW protection:
1+1 HSB.
1+1 HSB SD.
1+1 WSB FD.
1+1 WSB FD, SD
Service protection.
Protection).
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Software
Bandwidth BW (Hz) :
BW is referring to the set of frequencies that a studied signal consist of;
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Software
Bandwidth BW (Hz) :
In case of pure Sin wave or pure cosine wave, it will represent in the
frequency domain as one impulse (Dirac impulse.)
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Software - Bandwidth BW (Hz)
The drawing beside represent BW

(Spectrum) of many cases:
Pure wave
Wave with many frequencies.

BW
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But:
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The drawing beside shows

that any Sinc signal in time
domain is represented as
square signal in frequency
domain, and vice versa.
Sinc in Time Square in freq.
Square in Time Sinc in freq.
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Conclusion:
When the carrier (mostly is sine or cosine wave with fixed frequency) has no data;
it will represent with one impulse (one value ) in Frequency domain.
But when this carrier start to carry data, it will be represented on frequency domain
with set of values forming a range of frequencies which is called Bandwidth BW,
and it is measured by Hz.
BW(Hz) is generated after adding information data on the pure carrier which lead us
to conclude that the width of BW basically depends on information data rate (bps)
that modulate the carrier (RF signal).
Also, as we talked before that Modulation type affect on date rate (bit per symbol);
Finally; we can conclude that BW is a function of : Data Rate (bps), 2. Modulation type.
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BW at IF stage
Digital signal (bps)

1010010010
Fo (IF carrier)
BW at RF stage
Fo (RF carrier)
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The table below shows the relation between BW VS Modulation VS Capacity (x E1s).
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The table below shows the relation between BW VS Modulation VS Capacity (Mbps).
We can note from the table beside

and the table from previous slide,
that there are a limit (80 E1s) in
PDH we cannot exceed it (this is
the one of negatives of PDH
service),
While for Ethernet ; the rate
could be increased by increasing
the BW, Modulation.
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Software properties
1. Frequency.
2. Modulation.
3. Bandwidth.
4. TX power.
Hardware properties
1.
Antenna.
2.
Radio.
3.
Modular.
4.
Service cards
5.
Accessories.
Additional features
HW protection:
1+1 HSB.
1+1 HSB SD.
1+1 WSB FD.
1+1 WSB FD, SD
Service protection.
Protection).
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Software
Transmit Power:
It is suitable amount of power for RF signal (according to data info rate bps) which is
configured in Radio and introduced to the antenna to be transmitted towards planned
far-end overcoming certain distance.
Transmit and receive Power is an amount of watt (or Milli watt) but measured by
DBw, DBm, DB.
1. DBw: P dbw = 10 * Log(Pw/P0)
; P0 =1 w
2. DBm: P dbm = 10 * Log(Pw/P0) ; P0 =1000 mw

= 10 * Log(Pw/1000) = 10 * Log(Pw) - 30 = Pdbw -30
3. DB = DBm DBm = DBw DBw.
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Software
Transmit Power:
GTX
Antenna Gain
Frequency
GRX
Antenna Gain
Power
Level
[dBm]
PTX
Output Power
A = Free Space Loss

(incl. Gas Absorption)
PRX Input Power

Fade Margin
Distance
Receiver
Threshold Level
Note! Attenuation for flexible waveguides and power splitters has to be added
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Software properties
1. Frequency.
2. Modulation.
3. Bandwidth.
4. TX power.
Hardware properties
1.
Modular.
2.
Radio
3.
Antenna.
4.
Service cards
5.
Accessories.
Additional features
HW protection:
1+1 HSB.
1+1 HSB SD.
1+1 WSB FD.
1+1 WSB FD, SD
Service protection.
Protection).
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Hardware
The capabilities (Functions & features) of HW differ from vendor to other.

Also; the way of installation differs from vendor to other.
Each MW regardless of its vendor consists of tow terminals.
Each terminal consists of Outdoor & indoor unit
Outdoor unit ODU consists of Antenna & Radio with some accessories.
Indoor unit IDU consists of Modular and some service, control cards.
Cable to connect IDU with ODU.
The below drawing shows these parts clearly.
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Radio
Accessories
Outdoor unit
Service
card
Antenna
Modulato
r
Cable
Indoor unit
Two terminals
Service
card
Control
Modula
Modula tor
tor
card
Control
card
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Software properties
1. Frequency.
2. Modulation.
3. Bandwidth.
4. TX power.
Hardware properties
1.
Modular.
2.
Radio
3.
Antenna.
4.
Service cards
5.
Accessories.
Additional features
HW protection:
1+1 HSB.
1+1 HSB SD.
1+1 WSB FD.
1+1 WSB FD, SD
Service protection.
Protection).
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Hardware
Modulator unit:
It is the module that will modulate the Intermediate signal (IF) with
data info (Digital signal) by using one type of modulation.
Modulator
Digital signal (bps) 1010010010
(type of Modulator depends on DS
D.S will be hosting to
Modulator by using
Service cards (according
to kind of service PDH,
SDH, Eth.)
speed, Service type, Modulation

type).
Modulation type
IF signal (MHz)
The Modulated IF signal will be
introduced to the next step
(Radio) to be carried over RF
signal.
It is a software configuration,
and it depends on HW
capability.
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Hardware
Modulator unit:
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Software properties
1. Frequency.
2. Modulation.
3. Bandwidth.
4. TX power.
Hardware properties
1.
Modular.
2.
Radio
3.
Antenna.
4.
Service cards
5.
Accessories.
Additional features
HW protection:
1+1 HSB.
1+1 HSB SD.
1+1 WSB FD.
1+1 WSB FD, SD
Service protection.
Protection).
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Hardware
Radio unit:
It is a module that will carry the IF signal introduced by Modulator over RF signal to be
transmitted into air by using directed antenna with enough transmitted power to be
received by the far-end at accepted level.
RF signal (F, Mod, BW, Capacity, Tx Pwr)
IF signal ( Mod, BW, Capacity)
IF signal
Radio
(depends on Modulation
type included in IF signal,
frequency L or H)
RF signal (F_GHz)
The Modulated RF signal will be

introduced to the next step
(Antenna) to be transmitted
into air .
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Hardware
Radio unit:
Radios
Radio unit
Radio
Antenna
Accessories
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Software properties
1. Frequency.
2. Modulation.
3. Bandwidth.
4. TX power.
Hardware properties
1.
Modular.
2.
Radio
3.
Antenna.
4.
Service cards
5.
Accessories.
Additional features
HW protection:
1+1 HSB.
1+1 HSB SD.
1+1 WSB FD.
1+1 WSB FD, SD
Service protection.
Protection).
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Antenna unit :
Hardware
It is a directed module used to efficiently

Radiate / receive the electromagnetic radiation
(RF signal) in / from preferred direction.
Due to design of antenna (Parabolic shape) ,
it provide a Gain (db) that is defined as the
ratio of the intensity (power per unit surface)
radiated in the direction of its maximum
output,
Each antenna is defined by three factors:
1.Frequecny (LNB). 2. Size. 3. Polarization
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Hardware
Antenna unit :
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Hardware -Antenna unit
LNB Low Noise Block.
It is a kind of wave-guide which is

designed with certain dimensions
to pass a certain band
(Frequency) and block other
bands, therefore LNB determine
the Antenna frequency
It is allocated in Focal of Antenna.
It is connected to antenna back
with feed-horn.
LNB
Low Noise
Block
Feeder
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MW antenna factors:
Frequency : According to its by LNB,

which also affects antenna gain.
Size : it is the diameter of Antenna,

reach up to 3m, which affects antenna
gain, and the width of Antenna beam.
Polarization : it is related to
shape of Antenna interface and its
position during the installation.
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Antenna size VS Beam width
Antenna Polarization
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In some cases we can use two polarization using supported antenna ; as below:
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Antenna diameter (m)
The table gives antenna gain (db) corresponding with Antenna

frequency and diamenter (m)
Frequency GHz
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Software properties
1. Frequency.
2. Modulation.
3. Bandwidth.
4. TX power.
Hardware properties
1.
Modular.
2.
Radio
3.
Antenna.
4.
Service cards
5.
Accessories.
Additional features
HW protection:
1+1 HSB.
1+1 HSB SD.
1+1 WSB FD.
1+1 WSB FD, SD
Service protection.
Protection).
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Hardware
Service cards:
These modules are needed for hosting the services coming from service
source to be connected with the modular.
Service cards are different according to :
Service type: (PDH, SDH, Ether, ATM).
Function type : Multiplexing, De-multiplexing, Processing,
Aggregation,etc.
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Hardware - Service cards
Service type cards
Function type cards
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Software properties
1. Frequency.
2. Modulation.
3. Bandwidth.
4. TX power.
Hardware properties
1.
Modular.
2.
Radio
3.
Antenna.
4.
Service cards
5.
Accessories.
Additional features
HW protection:
1+1 HSB.
1+1 HSB SD.
1+1 WSB FD.
1+1 WSB FD, SD
Service protection.
Protection).
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Accessories:
Hardware
The accessories are non-electronic circuit module used for

fixation, adaptation, splitting,etc. Like:
OMT
Coupler
IPS2
Wave guide
Cable
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Types of Transmission media-Wireless - MW

The Microwave study consist of Three parts:
Hardware properties
1.
Antenna.
2.
Radio.
3.
Modular.
4.
Service cards
5.
Accessories.
Software properties
1. Frequency.
2. Modulation.
3. Bandwidth.
4. TX power.
Additional features
HW protection:
1+1 HSB.
1+1 HSB SD.
1+1 WSB FD.
1+1 WSB FD, SD
Service protection.
Protection).
Adaptive Modulation
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Additional features - HW Protection.
1+1 HSB :
It means a using second

(HSB) link installed beside
the working link to protect it
in case of Hardware failure
in the working link.
HSB : Hot Stand By.
Unprotected 1+0
Modem
Traffic
Traffic
Protected 1+1
Modem
Modem
Modem
Switch
Modem
Switch
Traffic
Modem
Traffic
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1+1 HSB :
Power Splitter
1 radio channel
Tx
Rx
1+1 Hot standby

Improved availability by hardware redundancy
1 radio channel
1 transmitting is active/site
Transmitter switch on hardware alarm
2 radios receiving/site
1 receiver/site selected as active
Receiver switch on hardware alarm
Tx
Rx
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1+1 HSB and Space Diversity:
1 radio channel
TX
1+1 Hot standby and Space diversity

Hardware availability improvement and
channel arrangement as 1+1 Hot Stand
Improved radio path performance by receiver
switching on radio propagation alarm
- Multipath fading
- Reflection
RX
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1+1 Working Standby and Frequency Diversity:
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1+1 Working Standby and Frequency and Space Diversity :
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Additional features - Service protection
Ring:
It is a kind way of connection forming a

closed topology.
Protection protocol which will be applied in
the ring depends on kind of service passing
in the ring.
L1 protection :
Example: SNCP (E1 level prtection).
L2 Protection:
Example: ERPS (Ethernet Protection).
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Ring - L1 Protection:
E1
E1
SNCP : Sub Network Connection Protection.
Layer 1 protection.
Provide a protection function on PDH service
(on E1 level) which is passing through a ring.
It differs than 1+1 HSB which protect the
service on the link level.
All links that ring consist of must have same
capacity to reserve two paths for each E1.
Capability of protection some certain E1s, and
stay on other without protection.
E1
E1
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Ring - L2 Protection:
There are many protection mechanisms available on Layer 2 connections:

1. LAG: Link Aggregation link.
2. RSTP & MSTP : Rapid & Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol.
3. ERPS : Ethernet Ring Protection Switching.
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Ring - L2 Protection - LAG:
It is a technology used to group multiple physical links devices

into one logical path,
Link Aggregation technology, is called Trunking or Bonding,
Upper layer entities such as routing protocols see the LAG as a
single entity.
LAG link members work as backup for each other dynamically,
so if one link fails, the other takes over the traffic.
It is faster than STP in switching the traffic from the link out of
operation.
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Ring - L2 Protection - ERPS:
ERPS: Ethernet Ring Protection Switching.

ERPS provides protection switching for Ethernet traffic in a ring topology and at the same time makes
sure that no loops are formed at the Ethernet layer.
In ERPS there is a master node called the Ring Protection Link (RPL) Owner,
RPL owner blocks one of the ports in the ring to make sure that there are no loops in the ring.
The link that gets blocked by the RPL owner is called the Ring Protection Link RPL.
ERPS uses control messages called R-APS to coordinate the activities of block or unblock the RPL link.
Each link is monitored by its two adjacent nodes using ETH CCM OAM (Operation, Administration and
Maintenance) messages. An example is shown below.
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Ring - L2 Protection - ERPS:
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Ring - L2 Protection - RSTP & MSTP :
RSTP : Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol.

It offers redundancy and rerouting of traffic if a node is out of service within 50100 ms without service impact
The Ethernet transport network is typically divided in multiple RSTP domains.
MSTP : Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol.
MSTP supports multiple concurrent topologies / spanning trees mapping VLANs into spanning trees.
It uses basic RSTP mechanisms for topology calculation and rapid port state transitions.
MSTP configures a separate Spanning Tree for each VLAN group and blocks the links that are redundant within each Spanning Tree.
This enables load balancing of network traffic across redundant links.
MSTP is backward compatible with RSTP and STP and the same performance requirements are applicable for MSTP as for RSTP.
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Additional features - Service protection.
Adaptive Modulation:
It enables automatic switching
between different modulations,
depending on radio channel
conditions.
Hitless Adaptive Modulation
makes it possible to increase the
available capacity over the same
frequency channel during periods
of normal propagation conditions.
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Wireless:
Microwave,
FSO,
VSAT.
Wired:
Cables;
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Types of Transmission media- Wireless - FSO

FSO: Free Space Optic.
What is the FSO?
Architecture of FSO.
How FSO works?
Limitations of FSO.
FSO applications.
FSO Advantages and
disadvantages.
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What is the FSO?
Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication

technology that uses light propagating in free space to wirelessly transmit data.
Also; it is a line-of-sight technology that uses invisible beams of light

(750nm to 1550nm Infrared wavelength range) to provide optical bandwidth
connections that can send and receive voice, video, and data information.
This technology is useful where the physical connections are

impractical due to high costs or other considerations.
Support Up to 1Gbps data rate, distance up to ~5Km.
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Architecture of FSO:
Optical transceiver with a laser transmitter and
a receiver to provide full duplex (bidirectional) capability.
High power optical source ( laser ).
Lens to transmit light through the atmosphere to
another lens receiving information.
The receiving lens connects to a high sensitivity
receiver via optical fiber.
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How FSO works:
1. Network traffic converted into pulses of invisible light representing 1s and 0s.
2. Transmitter projects the carefully light pulses into the air.
3. A receiver at the other end of the link collects the light using lenses and/or
mirrors.
4. Received signal converted back into fiber or copper and connected to the network.
5. Same procedure is performing in the reverse direction (Full duplex).
6. Anything that can be done in fiber can be done with FSO.

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How FSO works:
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Limitations of FSO:
Some of environment will face the light propagation in
the air like:
1. Fog.
2. Obstructions.
3. Low clouds.
4. Missed alignment.
5. Windows attenuation.
6. Sunlight.
7. Smog.
8. Snow / Rain.
9. etc.
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FSO applications.
LAN-to-LAN.
To cross a public road or other barriers .
Speedy service delivery of high-bandwidth access to optical fiber
networks.
Converged Voice-Data-Connection.
Temporary network installation (for events or other purposes).
Re-establish high-speed connection quickly (disaster recovery).

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FSO Advantages.
1. Easy in deployment.
2. License-free long-range operation (in contrast with radio communication)
3. High bit rates up to 1Gbps .
4. Low bit error rates.
5. Immunity to electromagnetic interference
6. Full duplex operation.
7. Increased security when working with narrow beams.
8. No Fresnel zone necessary.
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FSO disadvantages.
1. Beam dispersion.
2. Atmospheric absorption.
3. Fog (10..~100 dB/km attenuation).
4. Affected by Snow/ rain.
5. Interference from background light sources (including the Sun).
6. Shadowing.
7. Pointing stability in wind.
8. Pollution / smog.
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Wireless:
Microwave,
FSO,
VSAT.
Wired:
Cables;
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Types of Transmission media- Wireless- VSAT

VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal):
It is a way of transmission used to transit & receive data

signal through Satellite.
It consist of :
1. Antenna.
2. Transceiver.
3. Modem.
It use C band (6GHz).
It is good solution for transmitting data over very long distance, but for little capacity.
It could be installed in one way or two ways connection.

It requires high accuracy / experience in alignment & installation.
It is a very expensive solution either for hire capacity or even for installation.
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Wireless:
Microwave,
FSO,
VSAT.
Wired:
Cables;
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Types of Transmission media Wired/Cable

Cables:
which means connecting data center with core network using direct cables
like :
twisted pair cable.
Co-axial cable.
Fiber optics.
Each of them has its own characteristics like transmission speed, effect of noise,
physical appearance, cost etc.
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Types of Transmission media Wired/ Cable

Positives:
Easy to install, maintain, swap,
Flexible, Support High capacity (FO).
Negative:
Attenuation : it doesnt support long distance,
Need digging in some cases.
Expose to interference (Twisted pair, Co-axial ).
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Wireless:
Microwave,
FSO,
VSAT.
Wired:
Cables;
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Types of Transmission media Wired
Wired/Leased lines:
Which means to hire a certain circuit from existing provider to

connect a certain data center with core network; like STE
provider, other operator.
1. Certain circuit : like PDH(E1s), SDH( STM-1s), FOs.
2. Existing provider : STE provider, Other operator.
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Types of Transmission media Wired/Leased lines

Positives:
Connect any data center with Core network regardless the way of connection of
lease line circuit.
Support High capacity (FO case).
No need for digging, installation cost for E1/STMs cases.
No Operation / Maintenance tasks.
Negatives:
Low performance.
Need to adapt the transmitted data according to leased line capability.
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Types of Transmission media Wired/Leased lines

Types of Leased lines:
I.
E1 : Already explained.
II.
STM-1 : Already explained.
III.
FO : Fiber optics.
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Types of Transmission mediaWired/Leased lines-FO

Fiber Optic:
It is a method of transmitting information

from one place to another by sending pulses
of light through an optical fiber.
The light forms an electromagnetic carrier
wave that is modulated to carry
information.
First developed in the 1970s,
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Types of Transmission media Wired/Leased lines-FO

Structure of optical fiber:
Core : central tube of very thin size made up of optically

transparent dielectric medium and carries the light form
transmitter to receiver. The core diameter can vary from about
5um to 100 um.
Cladding : outer optical material surrounding the core having

reflecting index lower than core. It helps to keep the light within
the core throughout the phenomena of total internal reflection.
Buffer Coating : plastic coating that protects the fiber made of

silicon rubber. The typical diameter of fiber after coating is 250300 um.
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Total Internal Reflection:
When a ray of light travels from a denser to
a rarer medium such that the angle of
incidence is greater than the critical angle,
the ray reflects back into the same medium.
In the optical fiber the rays will expose to
repeated number of reflections until it go
out from the other end of the fiber, even if
the fiber is bent.
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Classification of optical fiber:
Optical fiber is classified into two
categories based on :
1.
Number of modes: (mode of propagation of

the light signal).
2.
Single mode fiber (SM).

Multi-mode fiber (MM).
The refractive index: which means changing

in the direction of light when it goes into a
material of different density,
.
Step index fiber.
Graded Index fiber.
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Classification of optical fiber:
The figure below shows the

relation between Mode
classification and refraction
index classification.
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Single mode fiber (SM):

in single mode fiber
only one mode can

propagate through the fiber due to very
small diameter of its core.
This type of fiber has small core diameter
(5um) , high cladding diameter (70um) .
The difference between the refractive
index of core and cladding is very small.
They are suitable for long distance
communication due to less dispersion and
attenuation during travelling the signal
through the fiber .
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Multi-Mode
fiber (SM):
Multi
mode fiber allows a large number of

modes for the light ray travelling through it.
The core diameter is (40um) and that of
cladding is (70um).
The relative refractive index difference is
larger than single mode fiber.
There is signal degradation due to
multimode dispersion.
They are not suitable for long distance
communication due to large dispersion and
attenuation of the signal.
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Step index fiber:

The refractive index of core is uniform .
The refractive index of cladding is uniform &
smaller.
The light rays propagate through it in the form
of meridiognal rays which cross the fiber axis
during every reflection at the core cladding
boundary.
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Graded index fiber:
In this type of fiber core has a non uniform refractive index

that gradually decrease from the center towards the core
cladding interface.
The cladding has a uniform refractive index.
The light rays propagate through it in the form of skew rays or
helical rays.
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Attenuation in FO:
Attenuation is the loss of the optical power due to elements like coupler, splices,
connector and fiber itself (caused by the impurities of the glass core).
A fiber lower attenuation will allow more power to reach a receiver than with a higher
attenuation.
Attenuation may be categorized as:
1.
Intrinsic :
.
Absorption Loss : Caused by the fiber itself or by impurities in the fiber,
such as water and metals.
.
Scattering Loss : caused by the interaction of photons with the glass itself.
1.
Extrinsic:
.
Bending loss: induced by physical stress on the fiber.
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Attenuation in FO:
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FO applications :
1. In telecommunication field.
2. In space applications.
3. In Broadband applications.
4. In Computer applications industrial
applications.
5. In medical applications.
6. In military applications etc.
7. .
8. .
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Advantages of FO:
The life of fiber is longer than copper wire.
Handling and installation costs of optical fiber is very nominal.
It is unaffected with electromagnetic interference.
Attenuation in optical fiber is lower than coaxial cable or twisted pair.
High stability, scalability, Reliability .
There is no necessity of additional equipment for protecting against grounding and voltage problems.
As it does not radiates any energy out of FO, so any it couldnt be detected by any antenna or
detector , it hence provides signal security.
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Disadvantages of FO:
Highly skilled staff would be required for Configuration and maintenance.
Precise and costly instruments would be required.
Costly if under utilized.
Need an excavation in some cases reach up to tens of kilometers.
Its manufacturing need a high grade of purity.
Jointing of fiber and splicing is also time consuming.
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Agenda

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Below some challenge that face the Equipment providers:

1. Capacity growth by increase of :
.
Subscribers,
High rate application (HD app, DSP app, live streaming app,etc.)
Clouding Services.
1. Long distance hauling with high capacity.

2. High stability due to data criticality.
3. Power consumption.
4. Foot print for the equipment (space required).
5. TCO: Total Cost Ownership.
6. MTBF: Mean Time Tetween Failure.(rang of 10-20 years).
7.
8.
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Agenda

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Transmission vendors
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Thank you
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Introduction To Transmission

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Introduction To Transmission

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Introduction to Transmission

Transmission media requirement.

And due to the criticality / volume of the carried data, it have to

Transmission media requirement.

What is the Transmission?

Using suitable media of

Amount of data with:

Any site/data center provide amount of data with

Far end side

Any targeted destination have to deliver the transferred

What is the Transmission?

Near end side

What is the Transmission?

It means transport amount of data with kind of encapsulation from

What is the Transmission?

Means capacity (bit per second).

Critical : like Signaling, banking, emergency, Voice call, ..etc

Non-Critical: Email, Browsing,

What is the Transmission?

Encapsulation is the packing of Transferred data and functions into a

What is the Transmission?

Which means the distance that data have to be transmitted over.

What is the Transmission?

Transmission media is a pathway / container that carries the

Transmission media is broadly classified into two groups:

Data speed (capacity bps) , data encapsulation, distance affect

What is the Transmission?

Hardware vendors: like Ericsson, Huawei, Cisco, NEC,.

Transmission media requirement.

Transmission media requirement.

Transmission media requirement.

So transmission technologies depend basically on the encapsulation of data;

Transmission Technologies - PDH

Plesio-Chronous digital hierarchy (PDH):

The term Plesio-chronous is derived from Greek plsios, meaning near,

Transmission Technologies - PDH

Transmission Technologies - PDH

PDH types are : E1, E2, E3, E4.

It is a standard bit speed which equal to: 2048 kbps.

Pphone=4Khz (Heart signals BW)*2(Shanoun factor)*8 (8 bits for one sample).

Transmission Technologies - PDH

Transmission Technologies - PDH

Each Time slot is representing 64 kbps.

TS16 : used for Signaling, like: Control, Call setup,etc.

Note: E1 could be channelized (consist of 32 TS 64kbps), or non-channelized

Transmission Technologies - PDH

Transmission Technologies - PDH

Transmission Technologies - PDH

Layer1 Connection oriented.

II. Easy to configure it.

Totally reserved for a certain data center (not sharing).

Transmission Technologies - PDH

Synchronization means that all devices belonging to same network are

At the receiver, to interpret the signal correctly, the receiver bit

Transmission Technologies - SDH

It is a standardized transport protocol defined by ETSI that

This protocol was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital

Type of SDM: STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, STM-64.

Transmission Technologies SDH

STM-1 is one type of SDH

STM consist of 63E1s .

Low order POH

Transmission Technologies SDH

Pphone=4Khz (Heart signals BW)2(Shanoun factor)8 (8 bits for one sample).