Key words

Weathering
Physicalweathering
Sheeting,frostwedging,andsoon

Chemicalweathering
Dehydration,oxidizationandsoon
Soilformation

Image of sediments

Siliciclastic sediments
Fragmentedgrainsoriginatedfromrocks
mainlyformingthesolidearth
Erosion
bystreams
fragmentationbyglaciers
Weatheringprocess
Theprocesswhichalterthe
Physical
rockcharacteristicsinsitu
Chemical
Preparationprocessforerosion
Biologicalprocesstakespartoftheweathering

Physical weathering
Grainformationbyphysical&mechanicalprocesses
Expansionofrocksbyunloading(sheeting)
Repeatedexpansionandcontractionby
hotcoldorwetdrycycles
Plantoranimalactivity
Frostwedging etc.

Chemicalcharacteristicsofgrains:preserved
Prevailedundercoldordryclimates

Example of physical weathering

Jointsalmostparalleltothetopographicsurfaceor
beddingplane
Sheetingjoints

Unloading
leadingtoexpansion
ofrocks

Thejointismarkedby
MioceneBihokuGroup,
MioceneBihokuGroup, ironoxidizefillingthe
Ounancho,Shimane
Ounancho,Shimane
tinyspacesalongthejoints

Example of
physical weathering

SusumiCoast,Matsue
SusumiCoast,Matsue

DevilswashboardRock

AoshimaCoast,MiyazakiPref.

Alternationofsandstoneandmudstone

Mudstonebedshereare
mechanicallyweakerthan
sandstonebeds

Devils washboard rock at Shizuo

ka Pref.
Whitelayer:mudstone
Blacklayer:sandstone
Sandstoneprojecting
Washboardrock

Mudstoneprojected
washboardrock
(inversewashboardrock)

Why does two types of wash-board roc

k
exist at the same coast?
Theplacewherethewavehitsallthetime
SST:erodedMDT:projected
Rocksareabradedbywavesallthetime,leadingtothe
preferentialerosionontheweakerrocks,mudstones,and
resultingintheprojectionofmudstone.

Theplacewithintermittentoutwash
Intermittentoutwashmayhavebeencausingsomething
tochangetherockstrength.

Characteristics of mud
Mudstonecontainsclayminerals

Clayminerals expandingby
absorptionofwater

Rateofexpansion
Montmorillonite(Na) 14001600%
Montmorillonite(Ca) 45145%
Illite 5120%
Kaolinite 560%

Characteristics of mudstone

Expansion of mudstone

60
30

Physical weathering on Washboa

rd rock
StrengthofDevilswashboardrock
SusumiCoastandMiyazakicoast
Sandstone(SST)>Mudstone(MDT)
Mudstones:microcracks
Easilyerodedbywavesor
tidalcurrent

Physical weathering on washboar

d rock
Shizuokaexample
Rockstrength
SST<MDT
Rocksbeingbathedallthetime
Littlerockexpansion
weakerrocksareabraded
bywaveandtidalcurrent
Rocksbeingbathedintermittently

Repeatedexpansionandcontractio
loweringtherockstrength
ofmudstone
easiererosionofmudstone

A lion

Isitreallythekingofbeasts?

http://kakura.jp

Chemical weathering
theprocessesbywhichrocksare
decomposed,dissolved,loosenedor
alternatedtoformnewmaterials.

Leaching
Oxidation
Hydrolysis
Dehydration
Chemicalcharacteristicsofgrains:notpreserved
Prevailedundertemperatetotropicalclimates

Chemical weathering

Effectsbyanimals,plants,bacteria
Formationoforganicacid
OrganicacidpromotesdissolutionofSiO2
Itisthereforecalledbiochemical
weathering

Chemical weathering
Sourcerock
leaching

Residue
e.g.quartz

Secondaryminerals
Mainlyclayminerals

ModifiedfromJohnsson(2000)

Weathering trend in crystals

Bytownite

Olivine

Labradorite

Pyroxene
Hornblende

Andesine
Oligoclase

Biotite
Albite

Stabilitytothe
weatheringprocesses

Stabilityorderisalmost
Muscovite sametothatofcrystallization
inmagmachamber
Quartz
Goldich(1938)

Soil formation due to

chemical weathering
Undertheground,
interstitialwaterinjoints
induceschemicalweathering
Chemicalweathering
startsaroundjoints

Corestone
Orange softpartmadeby
weathering

Present-day chemical wea

thering

Belowthelevel
deeperthan30cm
whitematerials

Presentgravel

CaCO3

Leachingand
subsequent
CaCO3precipitation

Nakali,centralKenya

Products of chemical weat

hering

Weathering of basaltic rocks

Freshbasalticrock

Weaklyweatheredbasalt

Actualweathering:
Boththephysicaland
chemicalprocesses
simultaneouslyprogress
SamburuHills,Kenya

Chemical weathering of basaltic r

ocks
SamburuHills,Kenya

Onionskinrind

Chemical weathering of basaltic r

ocks

Corestone

SamburuHills,Kenya

Chemichal weathering in the ne

xt door
Nishikawatsu

Red
soil

Sugatacho,Matsue

Weatheredbasalt

Oashi,Matsue

Redsoilandcorestone
Chemistryoffreshbasaltvs.redsoil
CaO Na2O,K2O
Smallerconcentration
Al2Othanoriginalrock
3
Largerconcentration
Ishigaetal.(2002)

Summary
Weathering
Physical&Chemicalweathering
(+biological)
Generatedgrainsbyweathering

Physicalweathering sametothosebefore
weathering
Chemicalweathering differentfromthose
beforetheprocessexerts

Thank you

Task (short repo

rt)
ExplainwhytwotypesofDevilswashboardrock
arepresentinthesamecoastofShizuokaPref.
(withinonepageofA4sizepaper)
DeadlineNov.2nd
Submission(myoffice)