Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ENGINEERING
Catalino Noceja Mendoza, DMS, PhD, DBA
Know-Well
Environment
Derived from a French word environner
means to encircle or surround.
It defines as the circumstances and
conditions that surround an organism or a
group of organisms.
It also means the social and cultural
conditions that affect an individual or a
community
Dr. Catalino N.Mendoza
Continued
Literary means the surrounding external
conditions influencing development or
growth of people, animal or plants; living
or working conditions etc.
2.
Scope of Environment
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
Biosphere
Atmosphere
Composed of nitrogen and oxygen. Besides,
argon, carbon dioxide, and traces of other
gases which is considered as the protective
blanket of gases, surrounding the earth to:
(a) sustains life on the earth.
(b) saves from the hostile environment of
outer space.
Hydrosphere
Comprises all types of water resources such
as oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams,
reservoirs, polar icecaps, glaciers, and
ground water.
Lithospere
The outer mantle of the solid earth which
consists of minerals occurring in the
earths crusts and the soil such as
minerals, organic matter, air and water.
Biosphere
It indicates the realm of living organisms and
their interactions with environment, viz
atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere
Elements of Environment
Physical
Biological
Cultural
10
Physical Elements
Consist of space, landforms, water bodies,
climate soils, rocks and minerals. They
determine the variable character of the
human habitat, its opportunities as well as
limitations.
11
Biological Elements
12
Cultural Elements
13
Types of Environments
Physical
Social
Psychological
14
Physical Environment
15
Social Environment
Include an individuals social, economic and
political condition wherein he lives. The
moral, cultural and emotional forces
influence the life and nature of individual
behavior.
16
Psychological Environment
17
Environmental Science
The systematic study of our environment
and our place in it that integrates
information from biology, chemistry,
geography, agriculture and many other
fields which can be used to improve the
ways we treat the world with the help of
the social organization, politics, and the
humanities.
Dr. Catalino N.Mendoza
18
7. Engineering
8. Geology
9. Forestry
10. Ecology
11. Ergonomics
19
Principles of Ecology:
Matter,
Energy,
and
Life
Dr. Catalino N.Mendoza
20
Ecology
The scientific study of relationships between
organism and their environment.
It involves investigating how organisms
acquire and use energy, nutrients, and
water from their environment which
include chemical elements, availability of
liquid water, and moderate temperature.
21
Continued
Concerned with the life histories,
distribution, and their behaviour of
individual species as well as the structure
and function of natural systems at the
level of populations, communities and
ecosystem.
22
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass
which consist of three interchangeable
physical forms or phases: the gas, the
liquid and the solid.
Under any circumstances, matter is neither
created nor destroyed but is recycled over
and over again.
23
Energy
The capacity to do work and can take many
different forms such as heat, light,
electricity, and chemical energy.
The energy contained in moving objects are
called kinetic energy, while the stored
energy that is latent but available for use
is called potential energy.
24
25
26
Building Blocks of
Earth and Life
27
Important Elements
Living Things
C, H, O, N
Atmosphere
N, O, Ar, C, Ne, He
Earth, rocks
Fe, O, Si, Mg, Ni, Ca,
Al, Na
Economic Metals Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn,
Ni
Primary Toxins
Hg, Pb, Se, Br, Cd, Be,
Rn, Ni, As
Dr. Catalino N.Mendoza
28
Atoms
The smallest particle that exhibits the
characteristics of an element which is
composed of positively charged protons,
negatively charged electrons and
electrically neutral neutrons.
29
Molecules
Are composed of two or more atoms
combine chemically to form units in which
combined two or more atoms of the same
kind is called elemental molecules while of
different kind are called chemical
compounds.
30
Compounds
Are made up of two or more elements
combined together by forces of attraction
to create or to form new chemical
composition.
31
Environmental Engineering
The systematic way of construction and
reconstruction of the elements of the
environmental science as the primary
source of the sustainability of the
environment or the balance of ecological
system with the proper and appropriate
management of controlling them.
32
Continued
It is concerned with the formulation of
strategies and policies involving
environmental protection and developing
programs and projects of a sound
sustainable environmental development.
33
Continued
Topics include:
Global Warming
Solid Waste
Waste Water
Deforestation
Terrestrial-biomes
ISO 14000
Dr. Catalino N.Mendoza
34
Example of the
Greenhouse Effect
The Suns energy
passes through the
cars windshield.
This energy (heat) is
trapped inside the car
and cannot pass back
through the
windshield, causing
the inside of the car
to warm up.
Difference
GLOBAL WARMING
CLIMATE CHANGE
is a broader term that
refers to long-term
changes in climate,
including average
temperature and
precipitation.
Increased Temperature
Portage Glacier
Alaska
1914
2004
Colorado River
Arizona
June 2002
Dec 2003
CO2 Atmospheric
Measurements
Year
Year
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
CO2 Concentrations
Global
Warming:
Shifting Gears
Goal:
Reductions in
2007
CO2 Per Year
Billions
of Metric
Gigaton
Carbon Tons Carbon
Our Goal
2007
Reductions
in CO2
Per Year
Produce electricity
efficiently
Use electricity
efficiently
Vehicle efficiency
Solar and Wind
Power
Biofuels
Carbon capture
and storage
Wind Power
Solar Power
Fuel-Efficiency
Continued
Scientists agree that the burning of fossil
fuels is causing global warming. Since
these fuels are burned for energy, and
everyone uses energy, everyone can help
stop global warming just by using less
energy or energy from renewable
sources!
Dr. Catalino N.Mendoza
58
Simple Things To Do
Turn off your computer or the TV
when youre not using it.
Take shorter showers. Heating water
uses energy.
Continued
Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds,
shades, or curtains.
Turn off the lights when you leave a room.
Use compact fluorescent bulbs.
61
Whats the
difference?
Compact
Fluorescent
500 lbs.
of coal
1,430 lbs. CO2 pollution avoided
$30 saved
Simple Things To Do
Dress lightly when its hot instead of
turning up the air conditioning. Or use a
fan.
Continued
Offer to help your parents keep the air filters
on your AC and furnace clean.
64
Continued
Plant a tree.
Recycle.
65
SOLID WASTE
Characteristics of wastes
Corrosive: these are wastes that include
acids or bases that are capable of
corroding metal containers, e.g. tanks
Ignitability: this is waste that can create
fires under certain condition, e.g. waste
oils and solvents
Characteristics of wastes
Reactive: these are unstable in nature, they
cause explosions, toxic fumes when
heated.
Toxicity: waste which are harmful or fatal
when ingested or absorb.
Types of waste
Non Hazardous waste: refuse, garbage,
sludge, municipal trash.
Hazardous waste: solvents acid, heavy
metals, pesticides, and chemical sludges
Types of waste
Radioactive: high and low-level radioactive
waste
Mixed waste: Radioactive organic liquids,
radio active heavy metals. ( Moeller, 2005).
Waste Disposal
The management of waste to prevent harm
to the environment, injury or long term
progressive damage to health.
Disposal of waste is where the intention is to
permanently store the waste for the
duration of its biological and chemical
activity, such that it is rendered harmless.
Waste Management
The collection, transport, processing,
recycling or disposal and monitoring of
waste materials. The term usually relates
to materials produced by human activity,
and is generally undertaken to reduce
their effect on health, the environment or
aesthetics.
Incineration
Solidification
Heat treatment:
Chemical treatment
Waste disposal
Landfills
Underground injection
wells
Waste piles
land treatment
In less developed
countries flowing rivers
Waste treatments
Incineration:
The process of burning a material so that
only ashes remain.
Solidification: solid waste are melted or
evaporated to produce a sand like
residue.
Waste treatments
Heat treatment:
Heat applied at moderate temperature, is
used in treating volatile solvents.
Waste treatments
Chemical treatment:
The application of chemical in the treatment
of corrosive solid.
Waste Disposal
Landfills:
Waste is placed into or onto the land in
disposal facilities.
Waste Disposal
Underground injection wells:
Waste are injected under pressure into a
steel and concrete-encased shafts placed
deep in the earth.
Waste Disposal
Waste piles:
The accumulations of insoluble solid, non
flowing hazard waste. Piles serves as
temporary or final disposal.
Waste Disposal
Land treatment:
A process in which solid waste, such as
sludge from wastes is applied onto or
incorporated into the soil surface.
Waste are disposed in flowing rivers in less
developed countries.
Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press
Population growth
Increase in industrials manufacturing
Urbanization
Modernization
Continued
Modernization, technological advancement
and increase in global population created
rising in demand for food and other
essentials. This has resulted to rise in the
amount of waste being generated daily by
each household.
89
SOURCES OF HUMAN
EXPOSURES
Ingestion of contaminated water or food
Contact with disease vectors
Inhalation
Dermal
Points of contact
Soil adsorption, storage and biodegrading
Plant uptake
Ventilation
Runoff
Leaching
Insects, birds, rats, flies and animals
Continued
Direct dumping of untreated waste in seas,
rivers and lakes results in the plants and
animals that feed on it
94
PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
Dr. Catalino N.Mendoza
99
Continued
Proper management of solid waste
Involving public in plans for waste treatment
and disposal
Provide the public accurate, useful
information about the whole projects,
including the risks and maintain formal
communication with public
Continued
Educate people on different ways of
handling waste.
Waste Minimization is a process of reducing
waste
produce
by
individuals,
communities and companies, which
reduces the impact of chemical wastes on
the environment to the greatest extent.
Continued
Household level of proper segregation of
waste, recycling and reuse.
Process and product substitution e.g. use
paper bag instead of plastic bags.
Moeller,2005
Wastewater Treatment
and Disposal
103
Objectives
Identify kinds and sources of wastewater
Describe hazards in wastewater
Describe ways of treating wastewater
Describe the products of wastewater
treatment, including the production and
use of biosolids
Explain important biological, chemical, and
biogeochemical processes in wastewater
treatment
Wastewater
Wastewater is used water that discharged
from residences and from commercial,
institutions, and similar facilities which
contains dissolved or suspended matter
Kinds of wastewater
Spent water is water that has been used
and can no longer serve the purpose for
which it was used because of
contamination
Kinds of wastewater
Domestic wastewater is the wastewater
produced by humans in their daily lives
(gray water is the water produced by
bathing, cooking, and washing dishes and
clothes, gray water may be high in
detergent pollutants)
Kinds of wastewater
Sewage is the wastewater produced by
residential and commercial sources, it is
the water that is discharged into sanitary
sewers or treated in septic systems
(sanitary sewers are systems of pipes or
conduits that carry off sewage)
Sources of Wastewater
Homes and business
Manufacturing wastewater
Food
plants
Paper mills
Steel mills
Electric power plants
Sources of Wastewater
Farm wastewater
Storm water (storm sewer is a system of
pipes that carries runoff from street,
buildings, and other surface areas)
Hazards in Wastewater
Hazardous wastewater is wastewater that is
potentially dangerous to human health or
the environment
Infectious Agents
A waste water infectious agent is any
organism that can cause disease in
humans and other living organisms which
include Bacteria (fecal coli form bacteria
are the bacteria found in the intestines
(colon) of mammals), Viruses (hepatitis,
meningitis, diarrhea, and respiratory
disease), Protozoa (amoebic dysentery,
diarrhea, and ulcers), Worms (tapeworm,
roundworms, and whipworms)
Organic Matter
Most organic matter in domestic wastewater
is easily biodegraded
The main constituents are undigested food,
raw food fragments, uneaten cooked food,
and paper
Organic materials provide a good place for
the growth of infectious agents
Temperature
The water is warmed and becomes thermal
effluent
Thermal wastewater has several important
uses, such as growing of fish
Objectives of Wastewater
Treatment
Remove or destroy pathogenic organisms
and parasites
Reduce or remove nutrients to lower
pollution of groundwater or surface after
treatment
Remove or reduce toxic and organic
materials in wastewater
Treatment Systems
Individual home system
Commercial system
Municipal wastewater treatment system
Urban
area
Big city
Commercial Systems
Factories and farms often have system to
treat wastewater from manufacturing and
animal production
A lagoon is a type of pond where sunlight,
bacterial action, and oxygen purify
wastewater (stabilization pond)
Aeration is sometimes used to speed
bacterial action
Sludge
Sludge is the semi-solid material formed
during wastewater treatment
A sludge digester is a large tank in which the
settled wastes from wastewater are
converted to solids and gases by
microorganism (methane)
Sludge
Biosolids are the dried remains of
wastewater treatment, they have nutrients
needed by plants and are used as organic
fertilizer
Effluent
Effluent is the water that flows from a
treatment facility or factory into a stream,
lake, or ocean
It is wastewater that has usually been
treated to prepare it for release
Effluent
Biological Processes
Bacteria
Anaerobic
Biological Processes
Nitrosomonas
Chemical Processes
Chlorine and ozone are sometimes used to
oxidize small amounts of organic materials
Chemical can also be used to help remove
toxic metals from wastewater
Chemicals, if used improperly, can kill the
bacteria that are useful in biodegradation
Biogeochemical Processes
Biogeochemical processes are the
processes in wastewater treatment that
transfer nutrients from living organisms to
physical forms and back to living
organisms
Three important biogeochemical processes
in wastewater treatment are the nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Ammonification-Nitrogen is protein, such as
in animal cells, tissues, feces, urine, and
other materials is converted into
ammonium form (NH3 or NH4), these
forms are poisonous and can kill the fish
in water if the concentration gets high
Bacterial nitrification-Bacteria convert the
ammonium forms to nitrite (N02)
Nitrogen Cycle
Oxidation-Nitrite is converted by bacterial
action into nitrate form (N03)
Assimilation-The nitrate form is used by
plants in growing, some may denitrify and
enter the atmosphere
Nitrogen Cycle
Plant consumption by animals-Plants that
used nitrate to grow are eaten by animals,
the animals produce feces and urine and
later die, leaving protein to again go
through the nitrogen cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus levels are usually 10 to 20 mg/l
in wastewater
Excessive phosphorus will at first cause
heavy algae bloom; when it dies off,
oxygen depletion is a problem
Eutrophication, a deficiency in oxygen,
occurs when the water has a nutrient level
that is too high
Phosphorus Cycle
Organic phosphorus compounds include
phosphates, nucleic acids, and phytin
Various chemical compounds, such as ferric
chloride, react with phosphorus to remove
it from the water
Sulfur Cycle
Wastewater sources of sulfur are feces and traces
in natural water supplies
Bacteria decompose feces, urine, and animal
proteins into sulfides and sulfites
Other bacteria convert the sulfites into sulfates,
which are used by plants
Some of the sulfur is released from the water in
sulfate form creating the rotten-egg odor
Sulfur levels in stormwater are due to acid rain and
air pollution
Sulfur Cycle
Some of the sulfur is released from the
water in sulfate form creating the rottenegg odor
Sulfur levels in stormwater are due to acid
rain and air pollution
Tests
What
DEFORESTATION
INTRODUCTION
FORESTS:
Generally saying FORESTS are large areas
covered thickly with plants and trees..
Tropical forests occupy 10.4 percent of the
worlds land.
Worlds forests contain majority of the worlds
biodiversity resources
Philippine forests have high floral and faunal
diversity
Forest
Forests in the tropics have a rich biodiversity.
More than half of all the plants and animals in
the world are to be found in the rainforests.
More than 3500 species of plants and animals.
The constantly high temperatures and the
continuously high humidity in the tropics make
this biodiversity possible.
The temperature in most tropical rainforests is
between 25 and 35 degrees Celsius.
IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS
Provide raw materials to Industry.
Provide food, fodder, fuel, fertilizer and fiber.
Prevent soil erosion and preserve the fertility of
the soil.
Provide moisture and lower the temperature.
Home for many animals and birds, thus , they
preserve the biodiversity.
Maintain the ecological balance.
THREATS
Unfortunately, the forests are threatened.
Worldwide only 20 percent of the original
tropical forests is left.
The main reasons are the commercial
logging and the cutting of trees by local
people, who need plots for agriculture
activities.
THREATS
Less than 100 years ago this was still 70 %!
The deforestation has to be stopped to save
the biodiversity and the productivity of the
forest as a natural resource.
If not, there will be no rainforest left within
15 years.
DEFORESTATION
Deforestation is a complete change in land use
from forest to agriculture - including shifting
cultivation and pasture - or urban use.
It does not include forest that has been logged
and left to regrow, even if it was clear cut.
Deforestation of rainforests is the result of
several forces - all intricately interwoven.
There is no quick fix for the problem of
tropical deforestation.
DEFORESTATION
About 5 0 % of the worlds animal species
live in the rain forests. Some of these
species require such specialized habitats
that they are not able to exist outside this
environment.
Scientists estimate that 100 square miles of
rain forest are destroyed everyday.
As forested land is cleared, certain species
have become endangered or even extinct.
Infrastructure 1.0%
Fuelwood
7.9%
Permanent Agriculture
16.8%
Subsistence
Farming 60.4%
Forestry 5.6%
Fuelwood 20%
Settlement/Permanent
Agriculture 15%
Industrial Logging
15%
canopy
open canopy
mossy forest
pine forest
THE
EMERGENT
LAYER
UNDERSTORY
THE
THE
CANOPY
FOREST
FLOOR
top
layer of the
rain forest..
The Canopy
The Under-story
The
next layer
down is called the
under-story. Small
trees, bushes, and
plants grow at
this layer. It is
the home of bats,
frogs, butterflies,
and many other
animals.
amphibians
birds
butterflies
reptiles
mammals
The Toucan
There are 400
species of
birds living in
the rain
forests.
are 125
species of
mammals
living in the
rain forest.
are
40,000
species of
insects in the
rain forests.
EFFECTS OF
DEFORESTATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
174
Effects
Rainforest clearance leads to major changes
in the ecosystem as the state of dynamic
equilibrium is upset as a result of changes
to inputs and outputs into the system.
Impacts are felt on plants and animals,
water cycle, climate, and landscape
Effects
Not only the typical giant trees will disappear
more and more, also more than 3500
species of plants and animals, many of
them only found in the Philippines, will
disappear, for always.
176
Effects
177
Effects on the
Ecosystem
178
Effects
Greater possibility of pests and disease as
monoculture provides a uniform source of
food, and herbivores can easily adapt to
this
Vital stores of nutrients are lost as
decomposers that release and fix nitrogen
in the soil are removed
Effects
Up to 99% of all nutrients are stored in plant
material; their removal quickly diminishes
rainforest fertility
Less interception of rainfall increases sheet
and gully erosion
Silting of lakes and rivers occurs
180
Effects
Disruption of traditional ways of life
Loss of diverse flora and fauna
Contribution to global warming
Decrease in productivity of ecosystem
181
1985
1992
42
2001
1983
1985
1992
2002
ROOT CAUSE
OF
DEFORESTATION
Dr. Catalino N.Mendoza
185
Causes
Causes
Poverty
Shifting and permanent agriculture
Cattle ranching
Needs for fuel wood
Needs for timber
Mineral extraction
Tourism
187
OVERPOPULATION
The
NATURAL CAUSES OF
DEFORESTATION
Forest
fire
Floods
drought
Continued
The South American rain forest makes
up about half of the rain forests on
Earth. This rain forest cover the
countries of Brazil, Peru, Bolivia,
Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and
Guyana.
191
192
Dipterocarps:
Ecologically and economically the most important trees in Southeast
Asia
Shorea contorta Vid. (white lauan) is one of the most important
dipterocarp species because of its economic value and fast growth
The once spectacular primary forests are now a relic of a bygone era.
What little primary forest does remain exists on the island of Palawan,
the last sanctuary for the Palawan eagle.
Between 1990 and 2005 the Philippines lost a third of its forest cover.
While the current deforestation rate is around 2 percent per year, this
represents a 20 percent drop from the rate of the 1990s.
Widespread
After
ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF
TROPICAL RAINFOREST
MANAGEMENT OF FOREST
RESOURCES
Approaches to management
ISSUES ON PHILIPPINE
DEFORESTATION
The inequitable
distribution of agricultural land
is one of the primary forces pushing landless
migrants into the forest - where their slash and
burn clearing for subsistence agriculture is now
a leading cause of deforestation worldwide.
Many governments consider their forest land
under-developed and will grant title to forest
land to those who will improve it, by clearing it
for pasture or plantation agriculture, for
example.
Terrestrial Biomes
An Overview of the Six Major
Terrestrial Biomes
Life on Land
Terrestrial Biomes
Biomes
Temperature, Atmospheric
Circulation, and Precipitation
Spherical
Temperature, Atmospheric
Circulation, and Precipitation
Coriolis
Vernalequinox
Mar22nd
Summersolstice
June22nd
Autumnequinox
Sept22nd
Climate
Diagrams
Mean annual
temperature.
Mean annual
precipitation.
Soil Horizons
O
Soil Profile
Terrestrial Biomes
Biomes
Mediterranean
Biome:
Large
complexes of communities
characterized by a distinctive vegetation
type and climate.
GRASSLAND
Temperate grasslands are
similar to tropical savanna, but
are found in regions with relatively
cold winter temperatures.
Continued
This biome remains grassland, and is
not taken over by woody shrubs and
trees, because of seasonal drought,
occasional fires, and grazing by large
mammals. The soil of grassland is the
deepest and most fertile in the world.
Deciduous Forest
warm
cool
summers
winters
yearly
precipitation: 75-250cm
deciduous
year
Inhabitants
Deer
raccoons
bears
oaks
maples
hickories
various
Location:
Europe
North-eastern
Eastern
United States
Canada
TAIGA
Taiga, also known as coniferous or
boreal forest, is the largest terrestrial
biome on earth. The soil is thin,
nutrient poor and acidic. There is
usually only one or a few species in a
stand in a particular area.
Continued
These include different species of
spruce, pine, or fir, and often there is
little undergrowth present. There may
also occasionally be deciduous
species present, such as oak, birch,
willow, or alder, in a particularly wet or
disturbed area.
Continued
Animal populations are mainly
seed-eating squirrels and jays,
herbivores such as leaf eating
insects and larger browsing
animals such as deer, moose, elk,
snowshoe hare, and beavers.
Continued
The typical predators for this area
are grizzly bears, wolves, lynxes
and wolverines. Many have thick
coats of fur to insulate against the
cold, and some hibernate.
Coniferous Forests
Short
cold
growing season
winters
yearly
precipitation: 20-60cm
primary
Inhabitants:
Elk
Moose
Rabbits
Needle-leaves
evergreens
Location:
Northern
Asia
Northern
North America
Tropical Forest
Tropical forests are warm, moist tropical
lowlands found within 23.5 latitude of the
equator, having both a high temperature
and rainfall. There is a predictable daily
cycle of cloud buildup and rain.
Typical Rainforest
Rain Forest
climate
Inhabitants:
Many
tall trees
variety of insects
jaguars
armadillos
snakes
birds
monkeys
Location:
Tropical
DESERTS
Deserts are found at latitudinal
positions between 15o to 35 North and
South of the equator, and also in
rainshadows. They are the driest of all
biomes. The evaporation exceeds
rainfall, making it very dry, with less
than 30cm of rain per year.
Continued
Most deserts are very hot, but cold deserts
also exist. The hot deserts generally
experience hot days and cold nights. Hot
deserts can be found in the southwest of
the United States, along the coast of South
America, in northern Africa, and in the
Middle East. There are cold deserts to the
west of the Rocky Mountains, in eastern
Argentina and throughout central Asia.
Continued
The driest deserts receive too little
rainfall to support any perennial
vegetation. In less arid regions, the plant
life includes some grasses, shrubs, cacti,
creosote, and rosette plants. These plants
have numerous adaptations to life in the
desert, including:
Continued
These plants have numerous adaptations to life in
the desert, including:
deep or spreading roots
losing leaves (eg. prickly pear, ocotillo)
thorns
poisons
annual habit - seeds
plants exchange CO2 at night
Periods of rainfall are marked by sudden and
spectacular blooms of plants.
Continued
Seed eating animals are common
in deserts, such as ants, birds and
rodents. The mammals are mostly
nocturnal, or they may be active only
during the cooler months of the year.
Reptiles and snakes also live here,
and are important predators of the
seed eaters.
Continued
As is the case with desert plants, desert
animals are well adapted to the harsh
conditions. For example, some mice never
drink, instead, they obtain all their water from
the breakdown of the seeds they eat.
Desertification, the spread of deserts, is a
major issue in certain areas of the world.
Deserts
dry
sparse
vegetation
scattered grasses
yearly precipitation: 20cm
inhabitants must conserve water
Inhabitants:
Kangaroo
rats
Camels
cactus:
Location:
Parts
of Africa
Asia
Australia
North
America
Savanna
Savannas are areas in dry tropics and
subtropics in which grasses are
conspicuous (noticeable), with scattered
individual trees. There are three
seasons in these areas: cool and dry, hot
and dry, and warm and wet.
Savannas
Open
widely
spaced trees
seasonal rainfall
yearly precipitation: 90-150cm
conversion to agriculture threatens
inhabitants
Inhabitants:
Lions
Rhinoceroses
Elephants
Giraffes
Gazelles
Rabbits
Grasses
Location:
Parts
of Africa
South
America
Australia
TUNDRA
Tundra is a polar desert, with low
rainfall and precipitation. There are
two main types, arctic tundra and
alpine tundra. The northernmost
limits of plant growth occur in the
arctic tundra, limited to shrubby or
matlike vegetation.
Continued
The winters are long and cold, and
there is a short growing season, of
less than 60 days. There is an
annual 0 to 24 hour change in day
length - there is constant darkness in
the winter, and constant sunlight
during the summer.
Continued
Plant life consists of low
shrubs,
sedges,
grasses,
mosses and lichens, with
special adaptations. Because
of the very low temperatures
they are slow to recover from
disturbances..
Continued
Plant growth and reproduction
occur in a very short period of
time during the brief summer.
There is a low diversity of
animals in the tundra. Blackflies,
deerflies and mosquitoes are
abundant during the short
summer.
Tundra
Open
wind-swept
dry
ground
is always frozen
yearly precipitation: 25cm
covers one-fifth of the Earths land surface
Inhabitants:
Caribou
Lemmings
Wolves
Mountain
lions
Foxes
Mosses
and lichens
Location:
Far
Northern Asia
Northern
North America
Forest
Coniferous Forest
Rain Forest
Desert
Savannas
Tundra
EMS
Environmental
Management System
Dr. Catalino N.Mendoza
275
ISO 14001
What Is an Environmental
Management System
What is an Environmental
Management System (EMS)?
Benefits of an EMS
Helps
maintain compliance
Reduce operating costs
Integrate environmental programs into
mission
Increase employee involvement
Reduce environmental impacts
DO
ACT
CHECK
Plan
Planning, identifying environmental aspects and
establishing goals
Do
Implementing, includes training and operational
controls
Check
Checking, includes monitoring and corrective
action
Act
Reviewing, includes progress reviews and acting
to make needed changes
14001
use
ISO 14004
Core Elements
Environmental policy
Statement
Environmental
performance
Economic benefits
Trade considerations
Corporate image
Environmentally
sensitive industries
(e.g. chemicals) seeking to improve
their environmental image
Export-oriented industries (e.g.
electronics) preparing to deal with
potential trade barriers
Large firms committed to maintaining
high environmental standards and
meeting shareholders expectations
An
compliance
measurable
improvement in environmental
performance
third party verification of the audit
public reporting
public participation
Conditions
external to the
organization
Presence
Market
pressure
Market
opportunities
Can
Market pressure
Supplier
requirements
Although
Suppliers
Public
procurement
Market opportunities
Seeking
Do
EMS
Lack
[2]
Pilot schemes
Disclaimer
Rather
it seeks
to Environment
stimulate and
debate
and
TrainforTrade:
Trade,
Development
STRATEGIES OF TRANSNATIONAL
CORPORATIONS (TNCs)
Approaches
Approaches
towards suppliers
Dow Chemical
It
Hoechst
SHELL
Shell
HENKEL
EMAS
ISO
14001
ISO
9001
Hoechst Group
According
Its
Supplier requirements
Anecdotal
IBM
IBM
Shell
ABB
ABBs
Conclusions
Conclusions
Would you agree with the following
common
places:
Recommendations
[1]
obtain
economic benefits
Recommendations
[2]
Thank you