How to develop a

paragraph
A common
deductive
paragraph
should
be
developed
by
the interconnected
parts

TOPIC
SENTENCE

SUBJECT
DEVELOP
MENT

Usually written at the first

sentence of every paragraph
communicate the subject of the
paragraph general subject and
specific parts
Specific kinds of information: facts
(information and statistics) and
examples

SUMMARY Methods of writing the summary

sentence:
SENTENCE
1.Repeat the main ideas of the
paragraph in a new way; or

2.Give a conclusion based on the

topic sentence
Compare the following pairs of sentences
1.

Indonesia students go abroad for two main

reasons.
2. Indonesia students go abroad to experience
other cultures and to attend abroad
universities
3. Health care, annual bonuses, and vacation
time are benefits that are offered by ITS
for the employees.

Subject Development:
general subject and specific parts

To complete the subject development, the most specific

kinds of information should be developed, the information
can be in the form of facts (information and statistics) or
examples

Indonesia students go abroad to experience

other cultures and to attend abroad universities
1.

to experience other cultures

2.

by living in a country where English is spoken

by staying with a new family

to attend abroad universities

For a better quality of learning

For learning both content and the language as well

Summary Sentence
Method 1:
Repeat the main ideas of the paragraph
in a new way

Method 2:
Give a conclusion based on the
information in the paragraph

Example of a paragraph
Indonesia students go abroad to experience other
cultures and to attend abroad universities. For
Indonesia students, staying abroad can become a means
of experiencing other cultures. By living in a country
where English is spoken, they can acquire the language
as well as the indigenous cultures. In addition, they can
learn new living habits while staying with a new family.
Not only the cultures, studying abroad also offers a
better quality of learning and gives more rooms for
learning both the language and the content. It cannot
be denied that all of these can hardly be found in their
home country. Finally, the final goals why students want
to go and stay abroad are possibly due to the eagerness
to know about other peoples cultures and to enjoy more
reputable universities than ones in Indonesia.

Develop an Essay
Introductory paragraph
General statement
Thesis Statement

Body Paragraphs

Topic Sentence
Supporting Sentences
(Concluding Sentence, only if necessary)

Concluding Paragraph

Restatement of the main points,or

Summary
Final comment

Introductory paragraph

General statement to attract your

readers attention
Thesis statement

States the main topic

Often lists the subdivisions of the topic
or subtopics
May indicate the method of organisation
of the entire paper
Is usually the last sentence in the
introductory paragraph

EXAMPLES OF THESIS STATEMENT

TS without subtopics mentioned:
Being the oldest son has more disadvantages than advantages.
Young people in my culture have less freedom than young
people in the United States.
The large movement of people from rural to urban areas has
major effects on cities.

TS with the subtopics:

The large movement of people from rural to urban areas has
major effects on a citys ability to provide housing,
employment, and adequate sanitation services

A colon (:) used to list two or more subtopics:

Prejudice arises from three basic causes: childhood
conditioning, ignorance, and fear.

EXAMPLES OF INTRODUCTORY
PARAGRAPH
Any person who has lived in the twentieth
century has seen a lot of changes take place in
almost all areas of human existence. Some people
are excited by the challenges that these changes
offer; others want to return to the simpler lifestyle of the past. The twentieth century has
certain advantages such as a polluted
environment, the depersonalization of human
relationships, and the weakening of spiritual
values.

CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH
Consists of
A summary of the main points, or a restatement of the TS
in different words
Your final comment on the subject.

Example:
In short, although the twentieth century has indeed
given some of us a lot of advantages by making us
richer, healthier, and freer to enjoy our lives, it has, in
my opinion, not made us wiser. The 20th century has also
made our earth dirtier, our people less humane, and our
spiritual lives poorer. We wish to continue to enjoy the
benefits of technological advancement because they
free us to pursue our other interests and goals. However,
we must make a concerted effort to preserve our natural
environment for future generations. Moreover, we should
take the time now to make our lives more meaningful in
our increasingly impersonal, mechanized world.

Paragraf
pengant
ar

Paragraf
Isi 1:
Less
positive
effects

Paragraf
Isi 2:
Possitive
effects

Paragraf

Technology pays an important part in daily lives. While

many technological developments may be beneficialin the field of medicine, for instance there are many
others whose effects are less positive. Examples of
these in the world of work can easily be found in the
home and in the whole area of freedom and privacy.
In the world of work, technological advances have had
various negative effects. The development of robotics
has meant that in industries, such as carmanufacturing, robots are replacing people. They work
faster and more accurately and they dont need
breaks. As a result, industrial workers see job
opportunities decreasing further and unemployment
levels rising. In addition, more and more people are
working from home using personal computers, which
mean that they lose the stimulus that comes from
working in direct contact with other people and may
feel isolated.
Finally, there are implications of information
technology for freedom and privacy. More facts about
individuals are being stored in data banks, which may
be accessed through networks of computers. This
creates an ever-increasing risk of accidental or
deliberate leaking of private details. Every day more
information is collected by banks, credit card
companies, consumer organizations and so on. It is
certainly convenient to store information in this way,
but it could lead to long-term problems. There may be
other hidden dangers-theoretically, could a thinking
computer start to use data against us?
To sum up, people today must be very careful with

analysis of the essay

TS: Many technological developments may be beneficial-in
the field of medicine, for instance there are many others
whose effects are less positive.
the topic is technological developments that is
general
and may be beneficial less positive effects that are
more specific
SP: technological advances have had various negative
effects (less positive effects)
SP: there are implications of information technology for
freedom and privacy (seen from the negative
effects)
CP: While it has clear advantages, there is also the danger
(restatement of the thesis statement)

Introductory paragraph
Technology brings problems as well as to humankind. Since
Henry Ford began mass-producing them in 1908, automobiles
have provided us with a cheap and convenient means of
transportation. However, they also brought us traffic jams and
air pollution. A technological development that is changing our
lives as much as the automobiles is the personal computer.
Since the 1980s, personal computers have become common in
homes, schools, and businesses, and just as automobiles have
brought unexpected problems, so have personal computers.
(this introductory paragraph begins with universal truth and
then it is specified into something more specific, namely,
personal computers. This topic then is followed with sub topic,
unexpected problems, though, it is better if the unexpected
problems need to be specified)

Body paragraphs
To begin with, communication by computer has
caused some problems. Although we can easily send
a message to hundreds of people in an instant way, we
can also receive hundreds of message, both wanted
and unwanted, in just a few minutes. It took several
hours to read all of them. The lack of censorship in
cyberspace is another problem that no one has solved
yet. Our expanded ability to communicate means that
anyone with a computer can communicate anything to
anyone on any subject at any time. Therefore, a
computer-literate child can receive pornographic
photos and listen to chat-room conversations about
sex.

Contd body paragraph

In addition to problems in communication,
computers have also caused problems in
business. They have created excellent opportunities
for computerized crime. Computer criminals use their
skills to obtain secret business information and to steal
money. Moreover, the use of computers has
depersonalized business. People are no longer
customers: they are account numbers. Face-to-face
business transactions are no longer necessary, as any
sort of transactions can be done through computer,
phone, or fax. Also, as telecommunicating becomes
more common, workers in the same company interact
with each other less and less. Someday it may be
possible to have a company of people who have never
met face-to-face.

Concluding paragraph
It is clear that personal computers have
made our lives easier, but they have done
so at a cost. As with every new invention,
there have unforeseen consequences. It is up
to us to find the solutions to the problems as
well as to enjoy the conveniences of the new
tool.

Analysis of selected essay :

Outline
Introductory paragraph

personal computers have brought unexpected problems

In communication
In business

Body paragraphs
unexpected problems in communication

Not only wanted, but also unwanted message delivered through

communication by computer
Lack of censorship
More open access to any sort of information

unexpected problems in business

to obtain secret business information and to steal money

no more face-to-face business transactions
Less and less interaction amongst workers at the same company
Concluding paragraph
It is clear that personal computers have made our lives easier, but they have
done so at a cost

Develop the following topics

into thesis statements
The effects of internet to young users
Certifying the quality of education practitioners
Scientific endeavors taken by ITS to reach
internationally recognized institution
Characteristics of Good Teachers
Effective strategies for learning in higher education
Exchange your TS with your peers, as soon as you get
some comments, make some revisions and
develop into an essay