Chapter-1

Summary points

 O.S
Single user o.s vs Multi-user o.s
Multi User System is a single system with one operating system but multiple
users from different computers or terminals on the network will be able to
access the same.
The three major components of UNIX system are Kernel, Shell and User.
The core of the operating system is Kernel, where its routines and collection
of programs are written in C.
Shell interprets the user commands and converts them to the Kernel for
execution.
User contains the application programs, editors and compliers
UNIX commands helps users to solve their problems instead of writing a
large application program.
cat is one of the most popular commands in Unix, which is very useful in
creating and displaying small files on the terminal.

 File comparisons are done for checking whether two files are
identical using three major commands cmp, diff and comm.
Files can be read page by page if the contents of the file are large
using more and less commands.
User can also view the contents of the file either from the top or
bottom using head and tail commands.
UNIX supports disk related commands to check the amount of disk
space free and amount of disk space uses in the file system.

Self-Assessment Questions:
1)_________ and _________ developed UNIX operating system in 1969
(a) Dennis Ritchie and J.F. Ossana (b) Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie
(c) Dennis Ritchie and Peter Neumann (d) Ken Thompson and Dougles Mcllory
2)Which is the core of the operating system?
(a) Shell (b) Hardware (c) Kernel (d) User
3)UNIX is _______ user system
(a) Single (b) Multi (c) Double (d) Triple
4)_______acts as an interface between software and hardware
(a) User (b) Shell (c) Commands (d) Kernel
5)Who interprets the commands into UNIX system and converts them for execution?
(a) User (b) Shell (c) Hardware (d) Kernel

6)Which symbol is used to append data to the contents of the file?

(a) > (b) < (c) >> (d) <<
7)Which command is used to find the difference between files?
(a) comm (b) differ (c) cmp (d) diff
8)Which command is used to compare common content among files?
(a) comm (b) common (c) cmp (d) similar
9)Which command is used to view the contents of a file page by page?
(a) page (b) more (c) file (d) less
10)What does 3f specify in more command?
(a) display first 3 files (b) display last 3 files (c) display first 3 pages
(d) display last 3 pages

11)Which option is used to quit from the terminal?

(a) pu (b) p (c) qu (d) q
12) What is displayed after execution of command head -10?
(a) Display last 10 lines of the file (b) Display first 10 lines of the file
(c) Display last 5 lines of the file (d) Display first 5 lines of the file
13)Which command is used to find free space available in each file
system?
(b) du (b) df (c) da (d) ds
Note: df and du commands which gives information about the free
space available and the space utilized respectively.
14)Which command is used to check the space usage of each subdirectory?
(c) df (b) da (c) du (d) ds
du command is used to check the space usage of each subdirectory as well as the files under the current directory.
15)Which option in disk related command is used to find the total disk
space usage?
(a) du c (b) du s (c) du k (d) du d

 the options used in du command are:

-s: reports disk usage on each users
home directory