Biology Department

2016/2017

Histology- 1

Connectives tissues
Osseous Tissue - Bone
Lec. 8

Characteristics of Bone
Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed
of intercellular calcified material, the bone matrix, and
cells.
Bone is highly vascularized and very metabolically
active.
Bone remodels (turns over) constantly throughout life.
Ideally, bone removal occurs at same rate as bone
production.
Inhibition of bone turnover leads to poor quality,
unhealthy bone.

Functions of Bone
Supports soft tissue.
Protects vital organs (cranium, thoracic cavity).
Contains bone marrow.
Reservoir of Ca++, PO4 to maintain constant
concentrations in body fluids
Allows body to move.

Composition of Bone
Cells
Osteoprogenitor cells :
Osteoblasts: produce bone matrix
Osteocytes: lie in lacunae
Osteoclasts: resorb bone
Bone matrix
Organic matrix: osteoid, composed of
type I collagen fibers and ground substance
Inorganic (mineralized) matrix: hydroxyapatite

Bone cells
1- Osteoprogenitor cells :
Site: They are found on the endosteum and the
periosteum.
- They have pale oval nuclei and, basophilic
cytoplasm.
Function: These cells are able to proliferate and
differentiate into osteoblasts so they are active
during the growth of bone and repair of bone
after its injury.

2- Osteoblasts :
Site:
They are present in the substance of bone.
They are large rounded, oval in shape.
Their cytoplasm is highly basophilic.
The nuclei appear irregularly rounded or fusiform and their
nuclei are eccentric in position.
They contain phosphate enzymes to deposit calcium and
pyrophosphates which inhibit the action of phosphates.
Function: They are bone forming cells.

3- Osteocytes :
- They are small cells.
- They can not divided.
- They maintain bone matrix.
- They form the collagen I .
- And proteoglycan matrix substances.

4- Osteoclasts :
- They are bone phagocytic cells.
- Osteoclasts occupy shallow pits in the surface
of the bone called Howship's lacunae.
- Osteoclasts have irregular borders.
Function:
- Bone reabsorption and remodeling.

Bone Matrix
Bone matrix: It is composed of organic and inorganic
materials.
Inorganic
50% of dry weight of bone
Mostly calcium phosphate
Organic
Type I collagen
Ground substance (proteoglycans and glycoproteins)..

1.
Compact bone (lamellar bone). Compact bone is the
Types of bone: Bone is organized in two forms:
outer most part of the bone. It's dense, strong and
made up of many layers. But bones are not solid all
the way through- yellow marrow is found within the
hallowed out walls of compact bone.
2. Cancellous bone. Spongy bone is only found on the
ends of bones. Spongy bone isn't really spongy; really
it's hard but it has lots of holes- which gives it the
appearance of a sponge.
Spongy bone is where red marrow is kept.
Spongy bone is where blood is made!

Compact Bone and Spongy Bone

1.Compact
Compact
bone
bone makes
up .80% of the human skeleton; the
remainder is cancellous ( spongy) bone.
Sites : Shaft of long bones, the outer part of the flat
bones.
Structure of compact bone:
1- periosteum
Covering the long bone, and formed of two layers: - Outer fibrous layer of collagen fibers.
- Inner cellular layer of osteogenic cells and
osteoblasts.

2- endosteum
a cellular layer lining the bone cavities, and formed by
osteogenic cells and osteoblasts.

3- Haversian systems or osteons.

- It is the structural unit of compact bone
- Each Haversian systems is formed of
a- Haversian canal
b- bone lamellae
c- osteocyte

4- external circumferential lamellae

5- internal circumferential lamellae
6- interstitial lamellae
7- Haversian canals
8- Sharpey's fibers

Spongy bone
Spongy bone, also called cancellous or trabecular
bone, is one of the two types of calcium tissue that
make up bones in the human body.
Presents in irregular bone such as ribs, skull,
mandible,...
Presences of multiple marrow cavities.
There is no Haversian system, no bony lamellae.

Two Microscopic Types of Bone

Immature (primary, woven) bone
The first bone laid down. Formed quickly. Later
replaced by mature bone.
Mature (secondary, lamellar) bone
Arranged in layers (lamellae). Lacunae with
osteocytes are found between lamellae.

Immature vs. Mature Bone

Mature bone

Immature bone

Gross

Compact or spongy

Always spongy

Arrangement of
collagen fibers

Collagen fibers in each

lamella run parallel

Collagen fibers are

randomly arranged

Relative number of
osteocytes per unit
area

Relatively few osteocytes

Many osteocytes

Staining of bone
matrix

Staining is
even and uniform

Staining is
blotchy and irregular

Similarities between cartilage and bone:

1. Both tissues contain living cells embedded
in the intercellular matrix.
2. The matrix is reinforced with collagen
fibers.
3. Like chondrocytes, the bone cells
(osteocytes) occupy spaces called lacunae.

4. Both osteocytes and chondrocytes arise from

mesenchyme. Osteocytes differentiate close

to capillaries and chondrocytes differentiate
in regions that are devoid of capillaries.
5. Bones have a connective tissue covering
called a periosteum which is similar to the
perichondrium in cartilages.
6. Both tissues grows by appositional growth .

Differences between bone and cartilage :

1. The bone grows only by appositional growth

while cartilage grows by both appositional and
interstitial growth.
2. The bone matrix is vascular while the cartilage is
avascular.
3. The cartilage cells can divide while the bone cells
can not divide.
4. The bone is covered with periosteum and lined
with endosteum.

HISTOGENESIS
OFthe
BONE
Bone is formed by
following two methods:

1- intramembranouse ossification
2- intracartilaginous ossification
intramembranouse ossification
Intramembranouse ossifications which is characterized
by:
- It occurs in bone of skull and clavicle.
- The mesenchymal cells changes into osteogenic cells.
- The osteogenic cells changes into osteoblast cells
which form the calcified matrix.

- The formed bone matrix extend as bone trabeculae

enclosing between them bone marrow cavities.
- This from trabecula of bone with scattered
osteocyte embedded in their calcified matrix, this
membranous ossification give rise to spongy bone.
- The osteogenic cells on surface differentiated into
Osteoblast cells which form the periosteum and
endosteum.

ossification
which
-Intracartilagenous
It occurs in the long bones
which were
originally hyaline
characterized
by:
cartilage in the fetus.
This hyaline cartilage will be replaced by bone through
; the following steps:
1- Resting stage of hyaline cartilage is present in the
region of growing zone of the long bone.
2- Proliferative stage of cartilage cells in which there is an
increase in the number of cartilage cells.
3- Hypertrophy stage of cartilage cells in which there is an
increase in the size of cartilage cells.

4- Calcification stage of the matrix around the cartilage

cells and under perchandiruom.
5- degeneration of the central cartilage cells.
6- The peripheral calcified matrix prevent blood supply
from reaching to the central cartilage cells, so they
will die leaving empty spaces.
7- Stage of invasion of empty spaces by vascular tissue
rich in osteogenic cells and blood capillaries.
8- Stage of spongy bone formation: the osteogenic cells
changes into osteoblast which form trabeculae of
spongy bone.

9- Stage of remodeling which is done by osteoclasts

cells. These cells are collections of monocyte. They
secrete osteolytic enzymes which destroy the central
irregular trabeculae of spongy bone.
10- Stage of development of Haversian system.
Osteoblast start to form concentric calcified bone
lamella around B.V forming longitudinal canal with
central canal.
The osteoblast changes into osteocyte when they are
trapped with calcified osteoid tissue . This process
goes on several times until mature Haversian system
are formed.

Endochondral ossification

Stages 1-3 during

fetal week 9
through 9th month

Stage 4 is
just before
birth

Stage 5 is process of
long bone growth during
childhood & adolescence

Endochondral
Ossification
Epiphysis: the end of
a long bone. Consists
primarily of spongy
bone, with a layer of
compact bone on the
outside.
Diaphysis: the shaft of
a long bone. Consists
of compact bone on
the outside and a
marrow cavity inside.

Epiphyseal plate in endochondral ossification

Bone Development (Osteogenesis)

Intramembranous ossification
Occurs in flat bones (most of skull, including
maxilla and mandible).
Endochondral ossification
Occurs in long bones and irregular bones.

Eight Steps in Intramembranous Ossification

1. Capillaries grow into mesenchyme & release oxygen.
2. Surrounding mesenchymal cells round up, differentiate into
osteoblasts and form osteoid.
3. Osteoid mineralizes. Osteoblasts become osteocytes.
4. Bone spicules form and enlarge to form trabeculae of immature
bone.
5. A single plate (table) of bone is formed.
6. Immature bone is replaced by mature bone.
7. Remodeling continues, and 2 tables of bone are formed.
8. The two tables are separated by diploe:

Tables = compact bone

Diploe = spongy bone with marrow

Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous Ossification

Six Steps in Endochondral Ossification

1. Fetal hyaline cartilage develops.
2. Cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms
around the diaphysis (long part of the bone).
3. A primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis.
4. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses
(ends of the bone).
5. Bone replaces cartilage (except the articular cartilage
and epiphyseal plates).
6. Epiphyseal plates ossify.

Endochondral Ossification

Endochondral
Ossification

Endochondral
Ossification
Epiphysis: the end of
a long bone. Consists
primarily of spongy
bone, with a layer of
compact bone on the
outside.
Diaphysis: the shaft of
a long bone. Consists
of compact bone on
the outside and a
marrow cavity inside.

Endochondral bone formation: zones of maturation

Endochondral bone formation: resting zone

Endochondral bone formation: zone of calcification