GROUP ONE

AHMAD KHAIRUL AZFAR BIN DARMAN

AKMAL ARSYAD BIN MOHD RAFFI
MOHD IQBAL BIN NORAZMAN
MUHD RAHIMI BIN ZAHURI
SYARAFUDDIN BIN MOHD SHAMSIBY
MUHD AFIQ BIN MD ZIN

CONTENTS
Introduction
Properties of Fluids
Primary Dimension and Units in SI System
Density
Specific Gravity
Pressure
Cavitation
Energy
Viscosity
Surface Tension

INTRODUCTION
Property can be defined as any characteristic of a system such as

Pressure (P), Volume (V) and mass (m).

Separated in three forms intensive, extensive and specific

properties
Intensive independent with mass of a system such as

Temperature (t), Pressure (P) and Density.

Extensive dependent on the size of a system such as total mass,

total volume and total momentum.

Specific properties extensive properties per unit mass.

PROPERTIES OF
FLUID

Flow under the action of forces

Deforming continuously for as long as the force
applied
Unable to retain shape

PROPERTIES OF
FLUIDS
Kinematic properties linear velocity, acceleration,
strain rate.
Transport properties Viscosity, thermal
conductivity.
Thermodynamic properties Pressure, density,
temperature, enthalpy, entropy.
Other miscellaneous properties Surface tension,
vapour pressure, eddy diffusion.

TYPE OF MAT TER

SOLID

LIQUID

GAS

SHAPE

Fixed
shape

Shape
depend on
container

Fills the
entire
available
space

COMPRESSI
BILITY

Not easily
compresse
d

Not easily
compresse
d

Easily
compressed

DENSITY

Very dense

Less dense
than solid

Less dense
than solid
and liquid

PR IM A RY DIM ENS ION A ND U NI TS IN

SI SYSTEM
Primary Dimension

SI units

Mass (M)

kilogram

Length (L)

Meter (m)

Time (T)

Second (s)

Temperature (t)

Kelvin (K)

DENSITY
Density, p = m / V (kg/m3)
Specific volume, v = 1 / p ( V/m)
Density depends on Temperature and pressure for gasstate.

DENSITY OF IDEAL GASES

Simplest ideal-gas equation :

Pv = RT

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity ratio of the density of a
substance to the density of some standard substance
at a specified temperature.
Eg : SG = p/p H2O, SG is in dimensionless unit.
Specific weight weight per unit volume, (N/m3)

PRESSURE
Pressure compressive force exerted by a fluid per unit area.
Units of Pascal. (N/m2)
3 common pressures absolute pressure , gage pressure,
vacuum pressure
Absolute pressure is an actual pressure.
Gauge pressure is pressure that are calibrated to read zero
in the atmosphere.
Vacuum pressure is pressure below atmospheric pressure.

PRESSURE
Pressure increases as depth increases neglecting
the presence of gravitational field.
Pressure measuring device U-tube manometer,
Piezometer tube, Barometer
Change in atmospheric pressure leads to many
effects : nose bleeding, engine performance, aircraft
performance

PRESSURE AT A
POINT
Pressure at a point in a fluid is the same in all
direction.
It has magnitude, but not in specific direction.
Therefore, pressure falls in Scalar Quantity.

VAPOR PRESSURE
Vapor pressure, P(v) - pressure exerted by its
vapor in phase equilibrium with its liquid at a given
temperature.
P < P(v) vaporized
P > P(v) vapor cavities collapse, resulting in
violent process.

CAVITATION
Cavitation - Ca = [ p(a) p(v) ] / (1/2)pV2
It reduces performance, generates annoying
vibrations and noise.
By furthering cavitation, it may lead to erosion,
surface pitting, fatigue failure and destruction of
machinery.
Tumbling sound. What is that?

ENERGY
Can be in many forms : thermal, mechanical,
kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic, chemical and
nuclear.
Joule is the unit.
Energy classified into two types : macroscopic and
microscopic.

P R E S S U R E -T E M P E R AT U R E
R E L AT I O N S H I P
T increase, P decrease Fluids expand
T decrease, P increase Fluids contract

VISCOSITY
Viscosity property that represents the internal
resistance of a fluid motion.
Drag force the force a flowing fluid exerts on a body
the flow direction.
Viscosity divided into two Kinematics viscosity and
Dynamic viscosity.
Types of fluids dilatant, pseudoplastic, bingham plastic.

VISCOSITY
In liquids, viscosities are influenced by cohesive
intermolecular force amongst molecule. Viscosity in
liquids decreases as temperature increases.
Molecule gain more energy at high temperature, so
they can defy cohesive intermolecular forces more
strongly.
In gases, viscosity is cause by the molecular
collisions between molecules. Inter molecular forces
are neglected.

SURFACE TENSION
Surface tension - magnitude of force per unit
length (N/m)
Surface tension tendency of the surface of a
liquid to behave like a stretched elastic membrane
Example : Liquid undergo a natural tendency to
minimize the surface area by taking spherical shape
while droping due to attractive forces between
molecule

S U R FA C E T E N S I O N E F F E C T S
Surface tension decreases as temperature
increases.
Surface becomes zero at critical point.
Presence of impurities slightly reduce surface
tension
Surface tension increases as tensile strength
increases.
Pressure has no effect on surface tension.