HISTORY AND GENERAL

ANATOMY

HIPPOCRATES(460-377BC)
Greek physician
Father of Medicine
His name is memorialized in the
Hippocratic oath
Humoral theory :
Four body humors
-blood
.
-phlegum
-yellow
bile
-black bile
Attributed diseases to natural
causes .

HEROPHILUS (about 325BC)

Father of Anatomy
Performed:
-vivi-sections (dissections of
living humans) and
dissections of human cadavers
regarded brain as seat of
intelligence
described cerebrum,
cerebellum, fourth ventricle
first to identify nerves as
sensory or motor.

VESALIUS(1514- 1654)

His work De humani corporis

fabrica written in 7 volumes
His work revolutionised the
teaching of anatomy and ruled
for two centuries
Chose not to have his name
attached to the parts of body he
described unlike anatomists
Sylvius, Fallopius, Eustachius.
Father of Modern Anatomy
Reformer of Anatomy

Anatomy

GENERAL ANATOMY
Anatomy

Dissection

Ana (Gr)

Tome (Gr)

Apart

To Cut

Dissecare (Latin)

To cut apart

Gross/ Cadaveric Anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)
Living Anatomy
Clinical Anatomy (Applied)
Neuroanatomy
Surface (Topographic) Anatomy
Radiographic Anatomy
Comparative Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy

Its is defined in various ways :a)It is concerned with the

consideration of various structures
which make up the human body.
b)In the restricted sense , the
anatomy deals with the parts ,
which from the fully developed
individual and can be
demonstrated to the naked eye by
various methods of dissection.

c) Its is defined as an important

scientific discipline which is
concerned with the investigation
of biological structure by :
i) Dissection ;
ii) Microdissection ;
iii) Light microscopy ;
iv)Electron microscopy ;
v) Radiology ;

Its deals with anatomy of various

structures as they lie in
relationship with one another in
different region of the body . It
is valuable for surgeons.
.

It deals with the study and identification

of various structures in the living
person by methods of inspection and
palpation It helps to enhance the
knowledge acquired through dissection
of the cadaver by either of line of
study, Regional or systematic. It is
helpful both in health and disease and
is daily used in medical practice.

It deals with the study of

structure of human body with
the aid of X-Rays. It helps to
investigate the anatomical facts
which cannot be understood by
any other method. It is very
useful both in health and
disease and is in current use in
modern medical practice.

It is the study of various changes in

the developing organism from the
fertilization of ovum up to the birth
of the baby.

It is the study of the cells by various

biological methods. The cell is
defined as the structural unit of a
multicellular organism like man.

It is the study of various tissues by

various scientific method
(microscopy ; histochemistry ; radio
autography ; etc.). A tissue may be
defined as a combination of various
cells performing a certain function.

It is the direct application of facts of

human anatomy to medicine and
surgery. The students are advised to
lay the stress on applied aspects
while they are studying gross
anatomy in dissection hall.

The description of several systems of

organs separately and in logical
order comes under the head of
systematic anatomy. The several
parts of each system not only show a
certain similarity of structure but are
also associated in specialized
functions.

A collection of cells of similar

morphology performing a specific
function is termed tissue.
There are four basic tissues:
i) Epithelium
ii) Connective tissue
iii) Muscle tissue
iv) Nervous tissue

An association of different tissues which

perform certain function is called
Organ e.g., bone, muscle, heart,
stomach and urinary bladder.
A group of organs working
harmoniously to discharge a specific
function forms a system.
The following systems are formed in
the human body.

Integumentary
Skeletal
Circulatory
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary
Reproductive
Nervous
Muscular
Endocrine
Lymphatic

REGIONAL ANATOMY
- Head and neck
- Brain
-Thorax
- Abdomen
- Upper Limb
- Lower limb

SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
- Integumentary system
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Nervous system
- Cardiovascular system
- Lymphatic system
- Endocrine system
- Digestive system, Respiratory system, Urogenital
system

Anatomy

SUB DIVISIONS OF BODY

Head and Neck

Brain

Superior Extremity

Thorax

Abdomen and Pelvis

Inferior Extremity

ANATOMICAL POSITION

Anatomy

Standing up right
Looking straight towards
horizon
Upper limbs hanging by the
side of body
Palms facing forwards

Lower limbs are parallel

with toes pointing forwards

TERMS OF PLANES

Anatomy

1. MID SAGITTAL
(Median Plane):
A vertical plane dividing
the body into right and
left equal halves.

2. SAGITTAL:
A vertical plane which is
parallel to the sagittal
plane.

TERMS OF PLANES
3.

Anatomy

CORONAL PLANE
(Frontal Plane):
A vertical plane which is at
right angles to the median
plane dividing the body
into an anterior and a
posterior part.

4.

TRANSVERSE PLANE:
A plane at right angles to
the sagittal / coronal plane
dividing the body into an
upper and lower part.

 HORIZONTAL PLANE: A plane

parrallel to
the ground.

OBLIQUE

PLANE: Any plane other than of

aforementioned planes.

Anatomy

TERMS OF POSTURE
Supine

Prone

Left Lateral

Right Lateral
Lithotomy

Erect

Upside

Down

TERMS OF POSITION

Anterior

Anatomy

Ventral

Intermediate =

Middle

Posterior

Dorsal

TERMS OF POSITION

Lateral
Intermediate
Medial
Median

Anatomy

OTHER TERMS
For solid organs:
-Superficial
-Deep

For hollow organs:

-Interior
-Exterior
For indicating the side:
-Ipsilateral
-Contralateral

Anatomy

TERMS OF POSITION

Anatomy

Superior

Cephalic

Inferior

Caudal

TERMS FOR LIMBS

Proximal
Distal
Radial
Ulnar
Tibial
Fibular
Preaxial border
Postaxial border

Anatomy

TERMS OF POSITION

Anatomy

Skull -

Inferior surface is called as Base

Hand -

Posterior surface - Dorum of Hand

Anterior surface - Palmar surface

TERMS OF POSITION

Foot
- Superior surface Dorsum of Foot

- Inferior Surface Plantar Surface

Anatomy

TERMS OF POSITION

Anatomy

Combination of Terms:

- Supero medial

- Infero lateral

- Postero superior

- Antero inferior

TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Anatomy

Flexion: - Moving part is carried forwards

- Movement on the transverse
axis

Extension- Moving part is carried

backwards
- Movement on the transverse
axis.

Circumduction: Moving part forms the

base of a cone

TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Anatomy

Abduction: - Moving part is carried

away from the body/
reference line.
- Movement on antero
posterior axis.

Adduction: - Moving part is carried

towards the body /
reference line.
-Movement on antero
posterior axis.

TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Medial Rotation
-Moving part is
rotated towards the
mid line.
- Movement on
vertical axis.

Lateral Rotation
- Moving part is
rotated away from
the
mid line.
- Movement on
vertical axis.

Anatomy

SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Anatomy

LEG:
Flexion A movement on knee
joint in which leg is carried
backwards.
Extension A movement on knee
joint in which leg is carried
forwards.

TOES:
Abduction Toes move away from
the long axis of 2nd toe.
Adduction Toes move towards
long axis of the 2nd toe.

SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT

NECK:
- Flexion
- Extension

ROTATION:
- Right
- Left
- LATERAL FLEXION
- Right
- Left

Anatomy

SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Anatomy

FINGERS:

ABDUCTION Fingers
move away from the long
axis of middle finger.

ADDUCTION Fingers
move towards the long axis of
middle finger.

Anatomy

SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Thumb:
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Opposition
Forearm:
Pronation Forearm
is rotated that the palm
faces towards ground.
Supination Forearm
is rotated that the palm
faces above.
Mid Prone Position

Anatomy

SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT

FOOT
Inversion Sole of the foot
faces medially.
Eversion Sole of the foot
faces laterally.

Dorsiflexion A movement
of foot in which the dorsal
surface of foot comes closure
to the front of leg.
Plantarflexion A
movement of foot in which the
dorsal surface of foot goes
from the front of leg.

away

Anatomy

SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Trunk:
Flexion
Extension

Rotation

Left

Anatomy

SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Rotation

- Right

Lateral Flexion

- Right
- Left

1. Cunninghams Manual of Practical Anatomy, Vol.1.

2. Grants Method of Anatomy, 11th Edition.
3. Vishram Singh. General Anatomy, 1st Edition.

1. Who is the Father of Anatomy:

a) Galen
b) Herophilus
c) Vesalius
d) Hippocrates

2. The meaning of term anatomy is:

a) To analyze
b) To observe
c) To cut up
d) To make

3. The sectional plane that divides the body into

anterior and posterior portions is:
a) Transverse plane
b) Sagittal plane
c) Coronal plane
d) Oblique plane

4. Lying down position with the face directed

down is called as:
a) Supine
b) Prone
c) Anatomical
d) Lithotomy

5. During flexion of the arm, the arm moves:

a) Upwards
b) Downwards
c) Medial
d) Lateral