Dan Kevin Castro Mandocdoc

8 August 2013

Citation 101

Why cite?
Avoid

plagiarizing anothers work

Aid the future researcher find ones
sources
Provide evidence for ones argument

How long does it take to

cite?
Not

an overnight thing
Tips for thesis:
Settle on a thesis topic as early as

possible
Complete the citation details while
writing the body

Which sources should

one cite?
Primary

authorities
Secondary authorities
Books
Journal articles
Theses
News clips
Reliable websites

How to cite?
Ateneo

Law School:

Footnotes
ALJ Legal Citation Guide
The Bluebook
Bibliography
Atty. Quan: Modified Turabian

How to cite?
General

rules:

Footnotes = sentences
Accuracy
Subsequent citations

Block

quote v. direct quote v.

paraphrasing
Footnote reference placement
After the punctuation mark/quotation

mark

Basics Footnotes
Philippine

Constitution:

PHIL. CONST. art. ___, ___, ___.

Note:
Always cite the Constitution in full.
1. PHIL. CONST. art. II, 3.
2. PHIL. CONST. art. II, 3.

Basics Footnotes
Codes/Statutes:

Full Title, [Short Title], Statute

Number, subdivisions, (year).
3. An Act to Ordain and Institute the
Civil Code of the Philippines [CIVIL
CODE], Republic Act No. 386, art.
21 (1950).

Basics Footnotes
Subsequent

citations:

Short Title, subdivisions.

4. PHIL. CONST. art. I.
5. CIVIL CODE, art. 3.
6. Id. art. 207.

Basics Footnotes
Supreme

Court Decisions:

Case Title, volume number

SCRA/SCAD/Phil. first page, cited
page (year).
7. Caguioa v. Magtoto, 436 SCRA 3,
41 (2007).

Basics Footnotes
Subsequent

citations:

First Party, volume number

SCRA/SCAD/Phil. at cited page.
8. Caguioa, 436 SCRA at 54.
9. Id.
10.Id. at 52.

Basics Footnotes
Separate

opinions

Cite like an ordinary case (J. Surname of

Justice, separate/concurring/dissenting
opinion).
11. Pabilane v. Magtoto, 436 SCRA 30,
41 (2007) (J. Quan, dissenting opinion).
12.Id. at 59 (J. Cervantes-Poco,
concurring opinion).

Basics Footnotes
Books

with Single Author

AUTHOR, TITLE cited page (year of

publication or edition number year of
publication).
13. FLORENZ D. REGALADO, CRIMINAL
LAW CONSPECTUS 45 (4th ed. 2009).
14.Id. at 342.

Basics Footnotes
Books

with Multiple Authors

AUTHOR 1 & AUTHOR 2 OR AUTHOR 1, ET

AL., TITLE cited page (year of publication
or edition number year of publication).
15.JOSE C. VITUG & ERNESTO D. ACOSTA,
TAX LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE 89 (3d ed.
2006).

Basics Footnotes
Subsequent

Citations

SURNAME OF AUTHOR(S), supra note

footnote, at page being cited.
16.REGALADO, supra note 13, at 13.
17.VITUG & ACOSTA, supra note 15,
at 432.

Basics Footnotes
Consecutively

Paginated Journals

Author, Title of the Article, volume number

JOURNAL first page, cited page (year).
18. Ryan Jeremiah D. Quan, Revisiting the
Element of Exploitation in the Definition
of Trafficking in Persons in Republic Act
No. 9208, 57 ATENEO L.J. 402, 405 (2012).
19.Id. at 408.

Basics Footnotes
Unpublished

Theses

Author, Title of the Article, at page number

(date) (description, institution that awarded the
degree) (source).
20. Jose P. Tejada Jr., A Critique of the
Jurisprudence on the Matter of Supreme
Courts Administrative Supervision, at 11
(2002) (unpublished J.D. thesis, Ateneo de
Manila University) (on file with the Professional
Schools Library, Ateneo de Manila University).

Basics Footnotes
Websites

Author, Title of the Article, available at URL

(last accessed date).
21. United Nations Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights, What are
human rights?, available at http://
www.ohcch.or/en/issues/Pages/
WhatareHumanRights.aspx (last accessed
June 26, 2012).

Basics Footnotes
News

Articles Online

Author (if available), Headline, NEWSPAPER,

date of publication, available at URL (last
accessed date).
22. Maila Ager, Tupas on disclosure of evidence:
Whats wrong?, PHIL. DAILY INQ., Jan. 4, 2012,
available at http://newsinfo.inquirer.
net/122301/tupas-on-disclosure-of - evidencewhats-wrong (last accessed June 26, 2012).

Basics Footnotes
Subsequent

Citations

23. Quan, supra note 18, at 430.

24. Tejada Jr., supra note 20, at 35.
25. Ager, supra note 22.

Basics Footnotes
Double

citations

the text is citing another text

Follow this: X (citing Y).

26. Quan, supra note 18, at 435

(citing PHIL. CONST. art. I).
27. Go v. Perez, 123 SCRA 45, 63
(1987) (citing
Ruiz v. Cruz, 4 Phil. 23, 45 (1930).

Basics Footnotes
Other

uses of footnotes: Explanations

The use of footnotes for explanations makes the

work more focused and cohesive.

Has the Philippines successfully transitioned

from its Marcosian28 past?
28.The Proponent uses the term Marcosian to
refer to the massive violations of civil and political
rights and the economic plunder committed by
those in public office during the time of Marcos.

Basics Footnotes
Other

uses of footnotes: Indirect

Citations
Introductory signals
Convey the relation between the text and the
authority cited in the footnote text
May signify support, comparison, or
divergence.
Italicized for emphasis.

Basics Footnotes
Introductory

Signals

Support
See
See, e.g.,
See generally

Basics Footnotes
Introductory

Signals

Comparison
Compare ____ with _____.
Contrast ____ with _____.

Basics Footnotes
Introductory
Divergence
Contra
But see

Signals

Basics Footnotes
Tip:

Use introductory signals to make

your thesis more scholarly.
The use of introductory signals gives the

impression that you conducted a

thorough research
It also gives makes your thesis more
holistic

Basics Bibliography
The

Bibliography is the summary of

the sources you used during your
research
It must be organized based on these:
Grouping
Clustering
Sequencing

Basics Bibliography
Note:

Panelists check the

Bibliography.
Tip: Start early, fix the Bibliography
as early as this semester so you can
focus on the substantive part of the
thesis.

Basics Bibliography
Grouping
First Part: Primary Authorities
Second Part: Secondary Authorities

Clustering
Organize sources of the same class

together
Example: All books must be listed
together.

Basics Bibliography
Grouping
I.

+ Clustering

Primary Authorities
A. Constitution
B. Statutes
C. Cases

II. Secondary Authorities

A. Books
B. Journals
C. Internet Sources

Basics Bibliography
Sequencing
For primary sources:
Constitution based on year of effectivity
Statutes based on class (BP, PD, RA)
Then, based on year of effectivity
If same year, based on BP/PD/RA number.
Format: ALJ Bluebook (same with footnotes)

Cases based on level of court (SC, CA, RTC)

Then, alphabetically
Format: ALJ Bluebook

Treaties, UN Documents, etc. follow rule on

statutes.

Basics Bibliography
Sequencing

I. Primary Authorities
A. Constitution
1973 PHIL. CONST.
1987 PHIL. CONST.
B. Statutes
Batas Pambasa
Presidential Decrees
Republic Acts
C. Jurisprudence
Supreme Court
Court of Appeals

Basics Bibliography
Sequencing
For secondary sources: Turabian
Surname first
Alphabetical

Thank you!