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CAPE Chemistry-Unit 1
Objectives
Explain
According
Electrons in Atoms
Modern
Why
If
Atomic Spectra
Isaac
When
The
spectrum of colours is
called a continuous
spectrum
Light
forms
Visible light
Infrared radiation
UV radiation
Microwaves etc.
Collectively
Electromagnetic Radiation
(EMR)
Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic
radiation (EMR)
Or
= c/
= c/
Question
The
What
Atomic Spectra
All
The
Each
Why
Hydrogen absorption/emission
spectra
The
When
The
The
Recall
That
Electronic
Bohr
The
Each
The
The Balmer-Rydberg
Equation.
All
1
1
2
2
nf
ni
These
Lyman series
occurs when an
electron moves to
the nf=1 orbit from
any other orbit.
The
Balmer Series to
nf=2 from n= 3, 4
etc
The
Paschen Series
to nf=3 from n=4, 5
etc.
Summary of Electronic
Transitions
Series of Electron
Lines
Goes to:
Leaves
from:
Lyman
2, 3, 4 etc
Balmer
Paschen
2
3
3, 4, 5 ect
4, 5, 6 etc
Within
a
particular series:
The transition of
highest energy
has the highest
frequency and the
shortest
wavelength
hc
Recall
E=h =
Question
1.
2.
series of the
hydrogen
spectrum?
R
n
n
(Ans.= 91.2 nm)
2
f
2
i
Answers
1.
1 1
1
R 2 2
n
f ni
longest wavelength, lowest energy, i.e. between n f 1 and n i 2
1
1
1 1
R 2 2 1.097 10 2 nm 1 1 8.228 10 3 nm 1
4
1 2
(121.5nm)
The negative sign
8.228 10 3 nm 1
2.
1 1
1
R 2 2
n
f ni
shortest wavelength, highest energy, i.e. when n is infinetely large. Therefore n f 1 and n i
1
1 1
R 2 2 1.097 10 2 nm 1 1 0 (1.097 10 2 nm 1 )
1
1
91.2nm
1.097 10 2 nm 1
Summary
An
nucleus.
This was called shell in CSEC.
This is a positive integer (n = 1,2,3)
It
As
As
The Angular-momentum
Quantum Number (l)
This
The
When
Quantum number
(l)
Sub-shell notation
When
the angular-momentum
quantum number is l, the
magnetic quantum number has
values from l to +l
It
It
The
ms
Quantum Numbers
Quantum Numbers
Symbol
Values
n (principal)
Description
1, 2, 3, ..
l (angular)
0, 1, 2, .. n-1
Orbital shape or
type (sub-shell)
ml (magnetic)
-l..0..+l
Orbital orientation
in space
n
l
ml
1
0
0
2
0
0
2
1
-1
name
1s 2s 2p
2
1
0
2
1
+1
3
0
0
3
1
-1
3
1
0
3
1
+1
3
2
-2
3
2
-1
3
2
0
3
2
+1
3
2
+2
2p
2p
3s
3p
3p
3p
3d
3d
3d
3d
3d
Question
Solution
a.
n = 3, l = 0, ml = 0
b.
n= 2, l = 1, ml = -1, 0, 1
c.
n = 4, l = 2, ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
Shapes of Orbitals s
Orbital
These
are spherical
There
There
The
Beyond
Shapes of Orbitals p
These are dumbbell-shaped.
Orbital
The
The
lobes are separated by a nodal plane that cuts through the nucleus.
When
As
Multi-electron Atoms
For
For
Within
This
As
Each
There
Electronic configuration
General notation:
1s2
Number of
electrons in orbital
Principal quantum
number
orbital
Energies of Orbitals
For a oneelectron
hydrogen
atom, orbitals
on the same
energy level
have the same
energy.
Energies of Orbitals
As the number of
electrons increases,
though, so does the
repulsion between
them.
Energies of Orbitals
START HERE AND MOVE
ALONG THE ARROWS ONE
AT A TIME
Electronic Configuration
Based
Al
What
is its E.C?
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
[Ne] 3s2 3p1
Electronic configuration of
ions
E.C.
To
for Fe in FeCl3
solve:
Recall:
Element
Usual oxidation
state
Exceptions
Group 1 metals
always +1
Group 2 metals
always +2
Oxygen
usually -2
except in peroxides
and F2O
Hydrogen
usually +1
except in metal
hydrides where it is
-1
Fluorine
always -1
Chlorine
usually -1
except in compounds
with O or F
Sulphate ion
(SO4)2-
Carbonate ion
(CO3)2-
Electronic Configuartion
FeCl3
Chlorine
is -1.
Fe x Cl 31 0
i.e.
x ( 3) 0
x 3
Therefore
Electronic Configuration
E.C.
This
for Cr in CrCl3
Electronic Configuration
52
24
Cr
p 24
e 24
Expected E.C. 1s 2 . 2s 2 2p 6 .3s 2 3p 6 .4s 2 3d 4
Actual 1s 2 . 2s 2 2p 6 .3s 2 3p 6 .4s1 3d 5
52
24
Cr 3
p 24
e 21
1s 2 . 2s 2 2p 6 .3s 2 3p 6 .3d 3 [ Ar ]3d 3
In
orbital diagrams:
_
1s
Li
_
1s
__ __
1s
2s
2s
2p
_
1s
2s
2p
Orbital Filling
Question
Give