DYES

AND ITS
CLASSIFICATION
13bch059 Viren Parwani
13bch060 Sunny Vyas

Introduction
Dyes are colored organic compounds that are
used to impart color to various substrates,
including paper, leather, fur, hair, drugs,
cosmetics, waxes, greases, plastics and
textile materials.
A Dye is a colored compound, normally used
in solution, which is capable of being fixed to
a fabric.

 Tobeofuse,
dyesmustpossessthefollowingfourproperties:
1. Colour
2. Solubilityinwater
3. Abilityto be absorbedand retainedbyfibre
(substantivity) or tobe
chemicallycombinedwithit(reactivity).
4. Ability to withstand washing, dry cleaning and
exposure to light.
The dye has a colour due to the presence of
chromophore and its fixed property to the acid or
basic groups such as OH,SO3H, NH2, NR2, etc.
The polar auxochrome makes the dye watersoluble and binds the dye to the fabric by
interaction with the oppositely charged groups of

Classification
There are several ways for classification of dyes.
Each class of dye has a very unique chemistry,
structure and particular way of bonding. While
some dyes can react chemically with the
substrates forming strong bonds in the process,
others can be held by physical forces. Some of
the prominent ways of classification are:
Classification based on the source of materials
classificationof the Dyes- Based on the nature of
their respective chromophores.
Classification by methods of application.

Classification based on
the source of materials
A very common classification of the dyestuff is
based on the source from which it is made.
Accordingly the classification could be:
Natural Dyes
Synthetic Dyes

Natural Dye
Natural dyesaredyesor
colorants derived from
plants, invertebrates, or
minerals.
The majority of natural
dyesare
vegetabledyesfrom plant
sources. E.g. roots,
berries, bark, leaves, and
wood.
Other organic sources
include fungi and lichens.

Synthetic Dyes
Almost all the colors that you see today are
Synthetic dyes. Synthetic dyes are used
everywhere in everything from clothes to paper,
from food to wood.This is because they are
cheaper to produce, brighter, more color-fast, and
easy to apply to fabric.
E.g. Acid Dyes, Azo Dyes, Basic Dyes, Mordant
Dyes, etc

Azo dye testing

Classification based on
the Chromophore
present
Dyes may be classified according to the type of
chromophores present in their structures.
1. Nitro and Nitroso Dyes
2. Azo Dyes
3. Triarylmethane Dyes
4. Anthraquinone Dyes
5. Indigo dyes

Nitro and Nitroso Dyes

These dyes contain nitro or nitroso groups as the
chromophores and OHas auxochrome.
A few examples are:

Naphthol
yellow S

Mordant green
4

Azo Dyes
Azo dye is a large class of synthetic organic dyes
that contain nitrogen as the azo groupN=N as
primary chromophore their molecular structures.
More than half the commercial dyes belong to this
class. These dyes are highly coloured and are
prepared by diazotizing an aromatic amine and
coupling with suitable aromatic compound.

Para Red

Methyl Orange

Bismarck Brown

Congo Red

Azo dyes account for approximately 60-70% of all

dyes used in food and textile manufacture. In
theory, azo dyes can supply a complete rainbow of
colours, but yellow/red dyes are more common as
blue/brown dyes.

Triarylmethane Dyes
Triarylmethane dyesare syntheticorganic
compoundscontainingtriphenylmethanebackbon
es. These compounds are intensely colored and
are produced industrially.
In triarymethane dyes a central carbon is bonded
to three aromatic rings, one is in the quinoid form.
Auxochromes areNH2, NR2 and OH.
Malachite Green

Phenolphthalein

Malachite Green is used as a direct dye for wool

and silk.
Phenolphtalein is used as acid base indicator

Anthraquinone Dyes
Anthraquinone dye, any of a group of organic dyes
having molecular structures based upon that
ofanthraquinone.

Alizarin

Alizarin is the main ingredient for the manufacture of

the madder lake pigments known to painters asRose
madderandAlizarin crimson.
Alizarin is also used commercially as a red textile
dye.

Indigo Dyes
Indigo dyeis anorganic compoundwith a
distinctive blue color Historically, indigo was
anatural dyeextracted from plants. But today
nearly all indigodyeis producedsynthetically.
It contains carbonyl chromophore.
Indigo

The primary use for indigo is as a dye for cotton

yarn, which is mainly for the production of denim
cloth for blue jeans
Small amounts are used for dyeingwooland silk.

Classification by methods of
application
Method used for application depends on the
nature of both.Dye and Fabric.
They are classified on the basis of technique
employed for their application.

Direct Dyes
Carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dye
solution.
It contains acidic or basic auxochromes.
Polar in nature.
Used oncotton, paper,leather, wool, silk
andnylon.

Martius yellow
Acidic
Auxochrome

Fiber-NH2 + HODye

Fiber-NH3+.-ODye

Vat dyes
Insoluble in water.
Soluble in sodium hydrosulfide (Na-S-H).
Great affinity for cotton and fibers
Indigo is a good example of Vat dyes.

 -OH binds the dye fast to cellulose fiber that

contains ethereal oxygen and OH group.

Mordant dyes
No natural affinityused with the help of
salts.
Mordants Al or Cr oxides salts.
Fiber is first treated with mordant & then with dye
solution.
(insoluble coordination complex between fiber
and dye)
Most suitable for wool and nylon.

Azoic dyes

Azoic dyes
Water insoluble.
two components react to produce the dye-usually
Phenol or Napththol or Aniline.
This method of dyeing cotton is declining in
importance due to the toxic nature of the
chemicals used.

aniline

Phenyl azo 2napthol

Orange-red dye

Disperse dye
Insoluble in water..but colloidal form can be
formed.
These colloidal fine particles are absorbed into the
crystal structure of fabric.
Used to dye nylon,orlon,polyesters and cellulose
acetate.