Professional Documents
Culture Documents
to Mass
Transfer
A/Prof. Farouq
Twaiq
Introduction
Molecular diffusion
Convective mass transfer
Types of Diffusion
Ficks law: linear relation between the rate of
diffusion of chemical species and the concentration
gradient of that species (Driving force).
Thermal diffusion: Diffusion due to a temperature gradient.
Usually negligible unless the temperature gradient is very
large.
Pressure diffusion: Diffusion due to a pressure gradient.
Usually negligible unless the pressure gradient is very large.
Forced diffusion: Diffusion due to external force field acting
on a molecule. Forced diffusion occurs when an electrical
field is imposed on an electrolyte ( for example, in charging
an automobile battery)
Knudsen diffusion: Diffusion phenomena occur in porous
solids.
Driving Force
Whenever there is concentration
difference in a medium, nature
tends to equalize things by
forcing a flow from the high to
the low concentration region.
Before
After
(2)
B
B
B
B
B
B
(1)
DAB
dc A
dz
B
B
B
A
*
AZ
Figure: Schematic
diagram of molecular
diffusion process
B
B
B
B
B
B
(1)
cDAB
dx A
dz
B
B
B
A
*
AZ
Figure: Schematic
diagram of molecular
diffusion process
Example 1
A mixture of He and N2 gas is contained in a pipe at 298 K
and 1 atm total pressure which is constant throughout. At
one end of the pipe at point 1 the partial pressure pA1 of He
is 0.6 atm and at the other end 0.2 m pA2 = 0.2 atm.
Calculate the flux of He at steady state if DAB of the He-N2
mixture is 0.687 x 10-4 m2/s.
Solution Example 1
z2
J *AZ dz D AB
z1
n
P
V RT
cA 2
cA1
dc A
DAB c A1 c A2
z2 z1
PAV n A RT
c A1
Substituting Eq.
z2
n A PA1
V
RT
J *AZ dz DAB
z1
J *AZ
cA 2
dc A
cA1
DAB c A1 c A2
z2 z1
D AB p A1 p A2
RT ( z2 z1 )
This is the final equation to use, which is in a form eqsily used for gases. Partial
pressures are pA1 = 0.6 atm = 0.6 x 1.01325 x 105 = 6.04 x 104 Pa and pA2 = 0.2
atm = 0.2 x 1.01325 x 105 = 2.027 x 104 Pa. Then, using SI units,
*
AZ
*
AZ
When a fluid flowing outside a solid surface in forced convection motion, rate
of convective mass transfer is given by:
N A k c (c L1 c Li )
kc
cL1
cLi
kc depend on:
1. system geometry
2. Fluid properties
3. Flow velocity
Molecular Diffusion in
Gases
c c A cB
dc A dcB
J *AZ DAB
dc A
dc
*
J BZ
( ) DBA B
dz
dz
DAB DBA
For a binary gas mixture of
A and B, the diffusivity
coefficient DAB=DBA
Example 2
Ammonia gas (A) is diffusing through a
uniform tube 0.10 m long containing N2
gas (B) at 1.0132 x 105 Pa pressure and
298 K. At point 1, pA1 = 1.013 x 104 Pa
and at point 2, pA2 = 0.507 x 104 Pa. The
diffusivity DAB = 0.230 x 10-4 m2/s.
(a) Calculate the flux J*A at steady state
(b) Repeat for J*B
Solution Example 2
Substituting into for part a
J
*
AZ
RT ( z2 z1 )
(8314)( 298)(0.10 0)
*
BZ
RT ( z2 z1 )
(8314)( 298)(0.10 0)
or
vm = (NA+NB )/c
cA
N A N B or N A cDAB dx A c A N A N B
c
dz
c
c
dx
c
N B J B* B N A N B or N B cD AB B B N A N B
c
dz
c
N A J *A
General equation
NA
pBM
p B 2 p B1
p A p A2
D AB P
PA1 PA2
NA
RT ( z2 z1 ) pBM
A RTpBM ( z F2 z02 )
tF
2 M A DAB P ( p A1 p A2 )
Example 3
Water in the bottom of a narrow metal tube is held at a constant temperature of
293 K. The total pressure of air (assumed dry) is 1.01325 x 10 5 Pa (1.0 atm)
and the temperature is 293 K (20 C). Water evaporates and diffuses through
the air in the tube, and the diffusion path z2-z1 is 0.1524 m (0.5 ft) long.
Calculate the rate of evaporation at steady state in lb mol/h.ft 2 and kg mol/s.m2.
The diffusivity of water vapor at 293 K and 1 am pressure is 0.250 x 10 -4 m2/s.
Assume that the system is isothermal. Use SI and English units.
Solution Example 3
p B 2 p B1
1 0.9769
0.988atm 100.1kPa
ln( pB 2 / pB1 ) ln(1.00 / 0.9769)
AB
RT ( z2 z1 ) pBM
p A1 p A2
0.969(1.00)
0.0231 0
5
8314( 293)(0.1524)(1.001 10 )
NA
N
A2
A 4r1
N A1
DAB P
p A1 p A2
RTr1 pBM
if p A1 P; p BM P; 2r1 D; c A1 p A1 / RT
N A1
2 D AB P
c A1 c A2
D1
A RTpBM
r12
tF
2 M A DAB P ( p A1 p A2 )
Time of evaporation
Example 4
A sphere of naphthalene having a radius of 2.0 mm is suspended
in a large volume of still air at 318 K and 1.101325 x 105 Pa (1
atm). The diffusivity of the naphthalene at 318 K is 6.92 x10-6
m2/s.
Calculate the rate of evaporation of naphthalene from the surface.
Solution example 4
pA2 = 0,
r1 = 2/1000 m,
since the values of pB1 and pB2 are close to each other,
Substituting
Fuller et al
equation
Example 5
Normal butanol (A) is diffusing through air (B) at 1 atm abs.
Using the Fuller et al. method, estimate the diffusivity DAB for
the following temperatures with the experimental data:
(a) For 0 C.
(b) For 25.9 C.
(c) For 0 C and 2.0 atm abs.
Solution Example 5
For part (a), P = 1.00 atm, T = 273 + 0 = 273 K, MA (butanol) =
74.1, MB (air) = 29. From Table 6.2-2 (Ref),
Solution Example 5
For part (b), T = 273 + 25.9 = 298.9.
DAB= 9.05 x 10-6 m2/s.
This values deviates by +4% from the experimental value
of 8.70 x 10-6 m2/s
For part (c), the total pressure P = 2.0 atm. Using the value
predicted in part (a) and correcting for pressure,
DAB = 7.73 x 10-6(1.0/2.0) = 3.865x10-6 m2/s